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BMS 547 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about the Aortic Hiatus?

A

There are folds of Connective tissue on each side called a crus, to support the large pressures that go through the aorta

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2
Q

What is each compantment of the lower leg seperated by?

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

Where is the belly of the tensor fascae lata (TFL)

A

Superior and promixal attaching to iliotibial tract (IT band)

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4
Q

What is the fate of the deep femoral artery?

A

it runs out after the peripheral branches

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5
Q

What is piriformis Syndrome?

A

Compresses Sciatic nerve which causes shooting pain down the posterior thigh, lower leg and even foot

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6
Q

What is deep to the gluteus Medius?

A

Gluteus Minimus

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7
Q

Where/What is the Caval opening?

A

Where the inferior vena cava goes through to get to the abdominal cavity
Located on the right side

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8
Q

What compartment does the fibularis longus belong in?

A

Lateral

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9
Q

How many phlanges in toe digits 2-5?

A

3

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10
Q

Insertion of tensor Faschia Lata

A

iliotibial tract

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11
Q

Innervation of Internal oblique

A

intercostal nerves
iliohypogastric nerve
ilioinguinal nerve

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12
Q

Under the knee, what is the lateral cord you feel?

A

The tendon to the biceps femoris

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13
Q

What is the name of the opening between the esophagus and stomach?

A

Cardiac Orfice

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14
Q

What does the gluteus maximus share a tendon with?

A

Tensor Faschia Lata Muscle

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15
Q

What does someone have to do if they have a Q angle walking?

A

They have to rotate their hip to bring it more up and down

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16
Q

In the popliteal region what is the most lateral muscle?

A

Long head of Biceps Femoris

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17
Q

Action of gracialis

A

Adducts and flexes the hip joint

Flexes and internally rotates the knee joint

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18
Q

What is the pattern for peristalsis in the stomach?

A

Muscle actions of the stomach (kinda how a snake moves)

Contractions begin in the superior portion of the stomach and moves down to the pyroric region

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19
Q

What comes off the common hepatic artery?

A

Hepatic Proper arteries that split in the right and left branches

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20
Q

What is the round ligament

A

ligament of the head of the femer

helps pull the head of femer into the acetalbulum

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21
Q

What is the round ligament of the liver derived from?

A

The umbilical vein

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22
Q

Which quadraceps muscle crosses the knee

A

Rectus femoris

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23
Q

What arteries run through the rectus abdominis?

A

epigastric arteries

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24
Q

Where does the inferior gluteal nerve live?

A

Inferior to piriformas

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25
Q

What muscles abduct the hip?

A

Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Tensor Fashia Lata

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26
Q

Describe the location and function of the suprapatellar bursae.

A
  • Above the patella

- Prevents the patellar tendon from rubbing against the shaft of the femur

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27
Q

Why are there two types of fibers in the calcaneal tendon?

A

Slow twitch are endurance fibers but fast twitch fibers are for power so you can quickly switch gears walking

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28
Q

How long does gastric emptying take?

A

3-4 hours

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29
Q

What is a hiatal Hernia?

A

Some of the stomach can pop through the opening causing acid reflux,
Dangerous when it gets strangled in there
Treatment is surgery to provide support

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30
Q

Describe the path of the fibular nerve in the lower leg

A
  1. At the head of the fibula the nerve comes out.

2. The deep fibular nerve dives deep into the anterior compartment

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31
Q

What do the Vastus medialis, Vastus lateralis, Vastus, intermedias and vastus femoris all do?

A

all of them work together to do Knee extension

Kicking is very powerful

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32
Q

How do you treat an ACL injury?

A
  • let it heal and strengthen muscles around joint
  • Reattach
  • Cadaver ligament
  • artificial ligaments
  • Fishing line in dogs! (won’t do in humans prob due to cost)
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33
Q

Where is the rectus abdominus located?

A

Superficial to transverse abdominus and the most superficial muscle on the anterior side

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34
Q

Describe the structure of a synovial joint.

A

Freely movable joints (shoulder, interphalengeal, toe)

  1. Layer of thick connective tissue going around called the joint capsule
  2. Within the joint capsule is a thin membrane called the synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid that bathes the entire inside of the joint
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35
Q

What are the two bellies to the gastrocnemius muscle?

A

Medial and Lateral

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36
Q

What does estrogen do in terms of bone density?

A

It protects it. That is why post menopausal women are prone to osteoporosis

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37
Q

Action of fibularis Longus

A

Plantar flexion

Eversion of ankle

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38
Q

What are shin splints?

A

When muscle inflammation within the compartment increases pressure on the nerve supply. compartments cannot expand due to the toughness of the ct surrounding the compartments.

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39
Q

What muscles are located in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis Brevis

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40
Q

What are some sex differences between the female and male when looking at the pelvis anteriorly?

A

Female-wider and shallow pelvis
wider pubic arch (childbirth)
Male-narrower and taller
tubercles can be rougher and bumpier

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41
Q

What does the sciatic Nerve run?

A

Entire Posterior Thigh (Hamstrings)

Entire lower leg

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42
Q

What direction does fascicles of the external oblique go?

A

Superior to inferior

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43
Q

What does the Fibular nerve split into?

A

Superficial-Goes to lateral compartment

Deep-Goes to anterior compartment

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44
Q

Does the sciatic nerve run with any large vessels?

A

Not until the popliteal fossa

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45
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Lymph node of blood

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46
Q

Where do the 4 tendons of exntensor digitorum run?

A

To digits 2-5 (toes)

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47
Q

Where does the CT tissue lie on the tibialis anterior?

A

Lateral side

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48
Q

What does the gluteus maximus attach to on the medial side?

A

Sacrum

Posterior ilieum

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49
Q

Origin of the femoral nerve

A

lumbar plexus

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50
Q

What action do the muscles contained in the lateral compartment of the leg perform?

A

Eversion of foot and plantar flexion

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51
Q

When does the Q angle increase in women?

A

At puberty

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52
Q

Why isn’t everything in the peritoneum?

A

Hypothesis is that it buys time during critical situations to allow detoxification

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53
Q

Define peripheral artery disease how it would affect a posterior tibial artery pulse.

A

Absence of the posterior tibial pulses is a sign of occlusive peripheral arterial disease in people over 60.

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54
Q

Describe the Obturator Internus Muscle

A

Skinny muscle with a white tendon

splitting gemellus muscles

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55
Q

How does the inferior epigastric run through the rectus abdominis?

A

It serpentines through

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56
Q

Where does the supraduodenal artery run?

A

superficial to the duodenum and also supplies blood

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57
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Walking on heels lifting foot.

Shortening angle toward tibia

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58
Q

What is deep to the internal oblique muscles?

A

Transverse abdominus

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59
Q

What does the gluteus medias cover?

A

Most of the posterior ilium

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60
Q

What does a Trendelenburg test look assess?

A

If there is Damage to the superior gluteal nerve

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61
Q

How large is the duodenum?

A

1 ft

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62
Q

What is Inversion?

A

AKA pronation sorta

Pointing feet in

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63
Q

Which nerve is injured when someone picks up left leg during a trendelenburg test?

A

Right superior gluteal nerve (hip drops on left side)

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64
Q

What runs the medial Thigh?

A

Obturator Nerve

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65
Q

Define the popliteal fossa and list the structures you would find in this area.

A

Pit of the knee

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66
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery feed?

A

Anterior Comparment

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67
Q

Location of External Oblique muscle

A

Inferior to the serratus anterior

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68
Q

When giving birth what can affect delivery?

A
  • pubic arch not wide enough

- the way in which the coccyx is curved

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69
Q

Where are the superior and inferior gluteal arteries?

A

The run with the nerves

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70
Q

What is one prolem with the trochanteric bursa?

A

Can become inflamed due to a lot of rubbing.
When you perform lateral hip rotation the gluteal maximus and gluteus medius muscle pull on the IT band creating friction

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71
Q

Action of articularis genus (distal fibers of vastus intermediaus)

A

Extends the knee joint and prevents entrapment of capsule

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72
Q

What nerve is contained in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

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73
Q

What is the other name for fibular nerve?

A

peroneal nerve

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74
Q

Where should you give a intragluteal injection?

A

Into the upper lateral portion of Gluteus maximus or Medius from the midline of the iliac crest to the lateral (superolateral quadrant of the gluteus)

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75
Q

How do you treat Patellar maltracking?

A
  1. Physical Therapy(partial knee extensions to recruit vastus medius)
  2. Orthootics for flat feet (eversion of foot-caves in on medial side that pulls down on tibia to angle it as it comes down clipping)
  3. weight loss (working vastus lateralis pulling patella over)
  4. cortisone injections (reduces inflammation)
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76
Q

Where can you palpate the posterior tibial pulse?

A

between the Posterior surface of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the calcaneon tendon.

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77
Q

Proximal Attachment of the gastrocnemius

A

Superior to the lateral and medial femoral condyles

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78
Q

Action of tibialis Anterior

A

Dorsiflexion

Inversion of ankle

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79
Q

How do you tell the difference between the patellar tendon and patellar ligament?

A

Ligament-inferior to patellar

Tendon-superior

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80
Q

Describe the location and function of the prepatellar bursae.

A
  • In front of the patella

- Preventing patella from rubbing on skin too much

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81
Q

Where is the trochateric Bursa

A

Lies lateral to greater trochanter

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82
Q

Proximal Attachment of Gastrocnemius

A

Superior to the lateral and medial femoral condyles

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83
Q

Is you reflect the gastronemius what do you see?

A

Soleus muscle (very wide muscle)

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84
Q

Where is the Medial superior genicular artery?

A

Superior to femoral condyles

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85
Q

What are the 3 hamstring muscles?

A

Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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86
Q

What happens when you reflect the greater omentum superiorly?

A

Colon stay stuck to it

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87
Q

Distal attachment of the gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscle

A

Posterior surface of calcanus via calcanel tendon

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88
Q

Describe sciatic Nerve Injury

A
  • piriformas compression
  • Stabbling or gunshot in gluteual region
  • Intragluteal Injections
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89
Q

If you damage the superior gluteal nerve what muscles would be affected?

A

Glteus Maximus, Gluteal Minimus and

Tensor faschia Lata

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90
Q

What happens to hip as we age?

A

The labrum degenerates and no cartilage is left

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91
Q

How do you tell the difference between the superior and inferior gluteal nerves and arteries?

A

Arteries lie medial to the nerves

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92
Q

How is a meniscus repaired?

A

Arthoscopic surgery and pull out broken piece

Meniscus reconstruction

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93
Q

Origin of the Tibialis Anterior

A

Upper, lateral 2/3rd of tibia (lateral condyle)

posteriorly attaches to interosseus membrane

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94
Q

What branches come off the splenic artery?

A

At the lateral side of the stomach the left gastro-omental artery come offs the splenic and runs inbetween the stomach and greater omentum

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95
Q

Describe the structure and function of bursae.

A

Prevents tissue from rubbing on the bone.

-Bags of synovial membrane with synovial fluid

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96
Q

Where is the inguinal region?

A

Inferior to internal and external oblique

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97
Q

What are the femoral arterial branches?

A
  1. Medial circumflex femoral artery
  2. Lateral Circumflex femoral artery
  3. Deep femoral artery
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98
Q

Where does the plantaris muscle lie in the popliteal fossa?

A

Superficial to the neurovasculature

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99
Q

Proximal Attachment of the plantaris

A

Lateral condyle of the femur

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100
Q

How are abdominal organs packaged?

A

The Peritoneum

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101
Q

What are the two medial tendons you feel under the knee?

A

Most medial is the semimembranosus and lateral to that is the semitendinosus

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102
Q

What is the superior border of the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphram

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103
Q

What is extension of the hip important for?

A

Running
Sprinting
Going up stairs

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104
Q

pathway of femoral nerve

A

deep to inguinal ligament lateral to femoral artery

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105
Q

Where does the Gluteus Medus attach to laterally?

A

Greater Trochanter of the Femur

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106
Q

What does stabilizing the pelvis really mean?

A

Maintaining orientation

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107
Q

Proximal attachment of semitendonosus and semimembranosus

A

Ischial tuberosity (Crosses hip)

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108
Q

Why are there four layers of muscle in the abdominal region?

A

Protection

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109
Q

On the lateral leg what can you see?

A

Tensor Fashia Lata
IT band
Gluteus Maximus

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110
Q

What is superior to the sciatic nerve?

A

Piriformis Muscle

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111
Q

What is the diaphram made of?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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112
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A 
A ball and socket joint that can
Flex
extend
abduct
adduct
external/internal rotation and circumduction
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113
Q

Action of Adductor magnus

A

Adducts, extends and slight flexion of the hip joint
Tendinous insertion also internally rotate
Stabilizes the pelvis in the coronal plane and saggital planes

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114
Q

What branches come off the popliteal artery?

A
  • Medial and Lateral superior genicular arteries
  • Medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries
  • Anterior and posterior Tibial artery
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115
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve branch?

A

Down in the popliteal region into the common fibular nerve and the tibial nerve

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116
Q

Proximal Attachment of the Soleus

A

Lateral tibia and head of fibula

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117
Q

Where do the superior and inferior gluteal arteries originate?

A

Internal iliac artery deep in the lower pelvis

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118
Q

Where does the lateral circumflex artery go?

A

around the front

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119
Q

What muscles are innervated by the obturator internus nerve?

A

Obturator internus and Superior Gemellus

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120
Q

What way do the fascicles run in the transverse abdominus?

A

Transversly, horizontal

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121
Q

Where is all of the lower leg blood supply derived from?

A

The popliteal artery

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122
Q

What are the medial thigh muscles?

A 
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor Brevis
Gracillis
Adductor magnus
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123
Q

Where does the posterior tibial artery run?

A

Posterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia

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124
Q

What is the origin of the inferior gemellus and the quadratus femoris?

A

Ischial Tuberosity

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125
Q

Describe the orientation of the deep gluteus

A 
Gluteus Minimus
Superior Gluteal Artery and nerve
Piriformis
Inferior Gluteal Artery and Nerve and Sciatic Nerve
superior gemellus
Obturator internus
Inferior Gemellus
Quadratus Femoris
Adductor Magnus
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126
Q

What are the mesentaries?

A

The Visceral and parietal layers come together and house blood vessels and lymphatics

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127
Q

What compartments do plantar flexion?

A

Anterior and Lateral

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128
Q

What vessel is found in the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

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129
Q

What is a valgus foot?

A

When the arch is collapsed and you are flat footed

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130
Q

Where is the patellar tendon?

A

The tendon superior to patella connecting all the quadiceps muscle groups

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131
Q

Orientation of the plantaris muscle

A

More superior
Crosses knee joint near the lateral side of the femur. Belly is pretty small. The tendon is sandwiched inbetween the Gastrocnemius and soleus muscle but will then terminate in the calcaneal tendon

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132
Q

Where does the splenic artery run from the celiac trunk?

A

Posterior to the stomach to get to the spleen

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133
Q

What two nerves run through the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial nerve and Common fibular nerve

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134
Q

What muscles insert of the Greater Trochanter of the Femur?

A 
Gluteus medius and Gluteus Minimus
Piriformas
Obturator Internus
Superior Gemellus
Inferior Gemmulus
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135
Q

Action of the gastronemius and plantaris

A

Plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee

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136
Q

What is the Sciatic nerve?

A

It is really two nerves packaged together

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137
Q

What is hip abduction?

A

Bridges

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138
Q

For the gluteal arteries and nerves what is their relationship?

A

Artery is medial to the nerve

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139
Q

What are the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Quadriceps femoris
sartorius
pectineus

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140
Q

Origin of Gluteus Medius

A

Posterior ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

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141
Q

What muscle do you use for speed?

A

Gastocnemius

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142
Q

What artery comes out inferior to the piriformis?

A

Inferior gluteal artery

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143
Q

What organs go through all of the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Colon and small intestine

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144
Q

Action of rectus abdominis

A

Flexes trunk
compresses abdomen
stabilizes pelvis

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145
Q

What is patellar tracking dependent on?

A

Strength ratio of the quadriceps muscles

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146
Q

What comes off the common hepatic artery?

A

Hepatic Proper arteries that split in the right and left branches to each respective lobe

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147
Q

Origin of the obturator nerve

A

Lumbar plexus

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148
Q

Innervation of Piriformas

A

Spinal attachment to first two spinal nerves (Anterior Rami)

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149
Q

where are the opening going throigh the abdomen?

A

Inferior Vena Cava
Esophageal Hiatus
Aortic Hiatus (L and R crus)

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150
Q

What actions does gastrocnemius perform?

A

knee flexion

plantarflexion

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151
Q

Function of femoral nerve

A

sensory and motor to anterior thigh

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152
Q

How do we prevent osteoporosis?

A

Increase the need for calcium, weight bearing training

can increase bone density

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153
Q

What is the smallest gluteus muscle?

A

Gluteus minimus

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154
Q

Where do the bones fuse at the pelvis?

A

acetabulum

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155
Q

What innervates the Obturator Internus and Superior Gemellus?

A

Obturator Internus nerve

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156
Q

What are the most common type of shin splints?

A

Anterior Shin Splints

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157
Q

What lies superficially to the Trochanteric Bursa?

A

IT band

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158
Q

Where is your appendix located?

A

Lower right quadrant

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159
Q

What is the Anterior Border of the abdominal cavity?

A 
Rectus Abdominus
Abdominal muscles (external and internal oblique and transversus abdominus)
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160
Q

Attachment of the internal and external oblique

A

Linea alba

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161
Q

What branches come off the popliteal artery?

A

Anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery

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162
Q

Where does the common fibular nerve go to?

A

It will branch into the deep fibular and superficial fibular nerve

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163
Q

What muscles are located in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallusis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius

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164
Q

Where is the duodenum?

A

Connect to stomach

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165
Q

What muscles medially rotate the hip?

A

Tensor Faschia Lata
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus

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166
Q

Function of the obturator nerve

A

Sensory and motor to medial thigh

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167
Q

Orientation of the Deep Hip lateral Rotators superior to inferior

A 
Gluteus minimus
Piriformas
Superior Gemellus
Obturator internus
Inferior gemellus
Quadrator Femoris
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168
Q

What muscles are innervated by the Quadratus femoris nerve?

A

Inferior Gemellus

Quadratus Femoris

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169
Q

What does Gluteus minimus attach to laterally?

A

Greater Trochanter of the femur

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170
Q

What type of muscle fibers are found in the gastrocnemius muscle?

A

Fast Twitch

171
Q

What muscles attach to the calcaneal tendon?

A

Soleus and Gastrocnemius

172
Q

Location of the spleen

A

To the left of the stomach bordering the abdominal wall on the left side (not much padding, easy to rupture in car accidents

173
Q

Innervation of gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscle

A

Tibial Nerve

174
Q

What muscles laterally rotate the hip joint or thigh?

A 
Piriformis
Obturator Internus
Superior Gemellus
Inferior Gemmelus
Quadratus Femoris
175
Q

action of Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedias

A

Extends the knee joint

176
Q

Where does the greater omentum extend from and to?

A

Inferior border of the transverse colon to the inferior border of the greater curvature of the stomach

177
Q

What are the layers of the peritoneum?

A

Pareital (Outside) (Attached to the wall of the abdominal cavity)
Visceral (Attached to abdominal organs)

178
Q

Why isn’t there bone protecting abdominal muscles?

A

More flexability

179
Q

Innervation of tibialis anterior

A

deep fibular nerve

180
Q

What structure is the lateral comparment of the lower leg next to?

A

Fibula

181
Q

How do you number cuneiforms?

A

Medial to Lateral numbering (1,2,3) or you can say medial, intertermediate and lateral

182
Q

How are the superior and inferior glutal nerves named?

A

By relationship to piriformis muscle

183
Q

Where does the babies head come out of on the pelvis

A

Pubic arch

184
Q

T/F the seperation between the stomach and esophagus is present?

A

False, no valve

185
Q

Where does the vasculature join the nerve supply in the leg?

A

At the adductor hiatus

186
Q

What vessel is contained in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

Fibular artery

187
Q

What does intraperitoneal mean?

A

All organs encased within the peritoneum

188
Q

What muscles intert on the greater trochanter of the Femur?

A

Gluteus Medius

and minimus

189
Q

Innervation of the gastrocnemius, plantatis and soleus

A

Tibial nerve

190
Q

If you damage the fibular nerve more proximally at the thigh what happens?

A

you could affect both compartments

191
Q

What is eversion?

A

Bring toes out

192
Q

name the muscles of the quadriceps femoris

A 
rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
distal fibers of the vastus intermedius
193
Q

What muscles would be affected you damged the Inferior Gluteal Nerve?

A

Gluteus Maximus

194
Q

Where is the umbilicus found?

A

on the linea alba

195
Q

What organs are in the upper right quadrant?

A

Most of the Liver
Some pancreas
duodenum

196
Q

Distal Attachment of the Gastrocnemius, plantaris and Soleus

A

Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

197
Q

What nerve runs the anterior thigh?

A

Femoral Nerve

198
Q

T/F the seperation between the stomach and esophagus is present?

A

False, no spinctor present

199
Q

Which nerve runs the posterior side of the leg?

A

Tibial

200
Q

insertion of adductor longus and adductor brevis

A

Femur (linea aspera, medial lip in the middle 3rd of the femur)

201
Q

What goes through the Aortic Hiatus?

A

Aorta

202
Q

Which liver lobe is the largerst and how far does it extend?

A

Left and it extends all the way to the abdominal wall

203
Q

What is the action of Gluteus Maximus?

A

Entends and laterally rotates the hip (thigh)

204
Q

What is the esophageal sphincter?

A

Seperates stomach from the esophagus

205
Q

What muscle have their origin at the ischial tuberosity?

A

inferior gemellus

Quadratus Femoris

206
Q

What is the celiac trunk?

A

A small arterial trunk originating anteriorly from the aorta to provide blood to the upper GI organs al trunk originating

207
Q

Action of the plantaris and gastrognemius muscle

A

Flexes the foot and knee

208
Q

What pops out inferior to piriformis muscle?

A

Sciatic Nerve

209
Q

Insertion of fibularis brevis

A

Base of 5th metatarsal

210
Q

What runs the gemelli, obturator internus and quadratus femoris?

A

Sacral Plexus

211
Q

Why is pudendal nerve important?

A 
Small but important
It does sensory and motor to genitailia
Quality of life
Health of lower pevis (urinary incontinence)
Runs external sphinctor muscle
Erections, clitorus
Ability to hold urine
212
Q

What does hallusis mean?

A

Big toe

213
Q

What muscle lies inferior to the piriformas muscle?

A

Superior gemellus

214
Q

What is contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Vasculature for gonadal arteries and veins and vas deferens

215
Q

What is the most external abdominal muscle?

A

Rectus Abdomenus

216
Q

What is located deep to the gluteus maximus?

A

Gluteus Medius

217
Q

Where is the common fibular nerve?

A

Behind your knee and then splits into the superficial and the deep

218
Q

How would you treat and inflamed trochanteric bursa?

A

Steriods and inactivity

219
Q

where is the pancreas?

A

Posterior to the stomach and partly retroperitoneal

220
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries originate from?

A

Subclavian arteries

221
Q

Where can you palpate the tibia?

A

Palpate the anterior crest on the anterior leg. It’s your shin.

222
Q

Where does the medial head of the gastrocneimius attach to?

A

Medial condyleof femur

223
Q

Why is the abdomen divided into quadrants?

A

When someone has pain in a certain area we can figure out what organs are involved.

224
Q

Distal attachment of semitendinosus

A

Medial surface of the superior part of the tibia

225
Q

Why does the pyloric sphinctor only push a small amount of its contents at a time to the duodenum?

A
  1. Surface area (easier to digest)

2. Low pH

226
Q

How do you excercise your diaphram?

A

Lay on your back, hold your legs in a 90 degree position and breath deep. When you inhale you push your diaphram out. (This strengthens your core)

227
Q

What action the the gluteus maximus perform?

A

Lateral Rotation of the hip

Extention of the hip

228
Q

Insertion of the tibialis Anterior

A

Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

229
Q

Insertion of fibularis longus

A

Plantar surface of medial cuneiform

Base of 1st metatarsal

230
Q

Where does the Tibial nerve run in the lower leg?

A

posterior compartment

231
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Organs that are located posterior to peritoneum (Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, reproductive structures)

232
Q

Describe the course of the popliteal artery

A

Starts off as femoral artery and once it passes through the adductor hiatus it becomes the popliteal artery.
Off the popliteal artery are genicular arteries running to the anterior side of the knee. Once the popliteal artery gets to the lower leg it splits into the anterior tibial artery which runs through the interosseus membrane to the front and the posterior tibial artery which splits into the fibular artery which feeds the lateral compartment and the posterior tibial artery that feeds the posterior compartment all the way down

233
Q

What is the problem with FES?

A

The superficial part of the fibular nerve can be targeted and we only want to hit the tracts of the deep fibular nerve for dorsiflexion and not platarflexion

234
Q

What are the folds of the stomach and what is the function?

A

Rugae

  1. More surface area
  2. Expansion
235
Q

Which side is the fibula on?

A

the lateral side of the tibia

236
Q

What muscle is involved when you pull your groin?

A

Gracilis

237
Q

What increases gastric emptying time and why?

A

Fatty Meals

Fat molecules are liberated during digestion and they float causing a lower sence of satiety

238
Q

Origin of Gluteus Maximus

A

Posterior Ilium

Dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx

239
Q

Where is the pudendal nerve?

A

Medial to the inferior gluteal artery coming out inferior to the piriformis muscle

240
Q

What is the largest gluteal muscle?

A

Gluteus Maximus

241
Q

Insertion of the Quadratus Femoris

A

Quadrate Tubercle

242
Q

origin of rectus femoris

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Acetabulum

243
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

A thinning of the inguinal hernia. People with a potbelly are prone to it
Heavy lifting
If something get stuck in the hernia it is very serious

244
Q

Origin of transversus abdominus

A

inner surface of 7-12th costal cartilages
Iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine

245
Q

When do you do lateral hip rotation?

A

Stalibization of rough surfaces

changing direction

246
Q

Proximal Attachment of the Plantaris

A

Lateral supracondylar line of the femur

247
Q

What is the fovea of the femer?

A

Allows connection of round ligament

248
Q

Action of fibularis brevis

A

Plantar flexion

eversion of ankle

249
Q

Origin of the Piriformis

A

Anterior surface of the sacrum

250
Q

Describe the tibialis anterior muscle

A

It is located on the anterior leg immediately lateral to the crest of the tibia. It has a large tendon you can palpate on the ankle when flexing. this muscle pops out when flexing

251
Q

What does the Gluteus maximus attach to superiorly?

A

IT Band

252
Q

describe the orientation of the Semitendinosus

A

Longest tendon and in the middle

253
Q

What are the borders of the abdominal cavity?

A

Your Core-support for you body

254
Q

Explain the Q angle

in females

A

A wider pubic arch puts the acetabulum more lateral . More of an angle on the shaft or femer

255
Q

Where is the patellar ligament and what does it connect?

A

Connects the patella to the tibia

256
Q

where is the anterior tibial artery located?

A

Anterior to the interosseus membrane inbetween the fibula and tibia

257
Q

What action is antagonistic to dorsiflexion?

A

plantarflexion

258
Q

Innervation of Adductor longus and adductor brevis

A

obturator nerve

259
Q

What actions do the muscles of the posterior comparment of the leg perform?

A

Plantar flexion

260
Q

What are the three compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

261
Q

How far up does the gluteus minimus go on the ilium?

A

Attaches Halfway up the posterior ilium up to the Anterior Gluteal Line

262
Q

What muscle is deep to rectus femoris?

A

intermediate vastus

263
Q

What is the difference between gluteus maximus and Gluteus Medius?

A

Gluteus Maximus -Extends furthur in the superior direction

Larger and more superficial

264
Q

What is drop foot?

A

Poor signal conduction down through fibular nerve which affects
Dorsiflexion -Deep part
Plantarflexion-Superficial part.

265
Q

When looking at the pelvis superiorly, how do you distinguish between a male and female?

A

Larger distance between ishial spines

266
Q

What does the femoral triangle contain?

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral Vein
(Remember VAN medial to lateral)

267
Q

Where does the medial circumflex artery go?

A

goes deep and comes out back side and then fuses with lateral circumflex

268
Q

PAthway of the obturator nerve

A

Exits through the obturator foramen and runs deep to the pectineus and superficial to the adductor brevis

269
Q

What nerve innervates the Gluteus Maximus?

A

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

270
Q

What vessels are contained in the anterior comparment of the lower leg?

A

Anterior Tibial Artery

271
Q

What muscle in the anterior compartment

gets inflamed during shin splints?

A

Tibialis Anterior and compresses deep fibular nerve

272
Q

Orientation of the plantaris muscle

A

More superior

Crosses knee joint near the lateral side of the femur. Belly is pretty small.

273
Q

How do you treat an ACL injury?

A
  • let it heal and strengthen muscles around joint
  • Reattach
  • Cadaver ligament
  • artificial ligaments
274
Q

Action of Adductor longus

A

Adducts and flexes up to 70 degrees, extends (past 80 degrees of flexion) hip joint
Stabilizes the pelvis in the coronal and sagittal planes

275
Q

How do you treat drop foot and why?

A

Use a brace to aid in lifting or functional (FES) electrical stimulation

276
Q

How does gastric emptying work?

A

Increased pressure in the pyloric antrum from the stomach peristalsis signals a temperoray relaxation of the pyloric sphinctur to allow for slow release

277
Q

Insertion of the Gluteus medius and Gluteus Minimus

A

Greater Trochanter of Femur

278
Q

What does the gluteal maximus attach to inferiorly?

A

Gluteal Tuberosity of the Femur

279
Q

Origin of the Obturator Internus

A

Internal Margin of Obturator Foramen and obturator membrane

280
Q

Describe the location and function of the infrapatellar bursae.

A

Below the patella

Prevents the head of tibia and patellar ligament from making contact with tibia

281
Q

Where is the gastroduodenal artery?

A

Dives deep and runs to the stomach and duodenum

282
Q

What is the most common way to dislocate a hip?

A

Car accidents

Other ways include: football trauma, aging

283
Q

What type of muscle fibers are found in the soleus?

A

Slow Twitch

284
Q

Where is the adductor magnus?

A

Really deep

285
Q

What is a common site of a break during osteoporosis?

A

Neck of the femer-neck bears a lot of force

286
Q

What muscle fibers do you use when walking?

A

Soleus (slow twitch fibers) (plantar flexion)

287
Q

Where do internal thoracic arteries run?

A

lateral to sternum

288
Q

How many phalanges in your big toe?

A

2

289
Q

What do you reflect to get to the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus and gluteus medias

290
Q

Proximal Attachment of the soleus muscle

A

Soleal line of the tibia and head of the fibula

291
Q

Where is adductor brevis?

A

Sandwiched inbetween the Adductor longus and pectineus

292
Q

Where is the extensor hallusis longus?

A

it is lateral to the tibialis anterior and tendon runs to the big toe.

293
Q

What is the pubic arch?

A

arch between the ramus

294
Q

What do the superficial epigastric arteries come off of?

A

Femoral artery-then loops around and goes back up

295
Q

What are the ankle bones called?

A

Tarsal bones

296
Q

What happens to the femoral artery as it continues down the thigh?

A

It passes through the hole in the adductor longus muscle called the adductor hiatus

297
Q

What does the falciform ligament attach to?

A

The abdominal wall anteriorly

298
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of the rectus abdominus?

A

Tendonous shealths (6 pack)

299
Q

Origin of Gluteus Minimus

A

lateral ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

300
Q

Where is the semimembranosus in the leg usually?

A

In the middle

301
Q

Innervation of the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Femoral Nerve

302
Q

Describe how blood moves down the thigh

A
  1. Abdominal Aorta
  2. r and l common iliac arteries
  3. r and l external iliac artery
  4. r and l femoral artery
  5. Femoral branches
303
Q

What is the posterior border of the abdominal cavity?

A

Spine
Oblique (internal oblique, external oblique and transverse abdominas)
Erector spinae

304
Q

What are the lateral hip rotators?

A

Piriformas

Gemellus
Obturator Internus
Quadratus Femoris

305
Q

Where will we see the genicular arteries?

A

popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa.

306
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries become superior epigastric arteries?

A

once they pass costal cartilages and leave the sternum

307
Q

What seperates the lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform Ligament

308
Q

Describe how you would find a posterior tibial artery pulse.

A

Between the posterior surface of the medial malleolus and medial border of the calcaneal tendon
It passes deep to the flexor retinaculum so the person must invert foot to relax the retinaculum

309
Q

What artery feeds the pancreas?

A

pancreaduoduodenal artery

310
Q

What is compressing the abdomen?

A

Suck in the gut

311
Q

Where does the right gastric artery usually come off?

A

Proper hepatic artery

312
Q

When does blood supply run with the sciatic nerve

A

At the popliteal fossa (Artery is on the more medial side)Substantial artery

313
Q

Origin of Fibularis Longus

A

Fibula head and proximal 2/3rd of lateral fibula

314
Q

What does the inferior epigastric artery connect to?

A

the external iliac artery

315
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

The ring of cartilage that allows the femoral head to articulate with the acetabulum
Protects acetabulum from head of femur and helps it fit

316
Q

What is the popliteal artery?

A

It was the femoral artery beore it goes through the adductor hiatus (hole) and then runs posterior to the knee. It feeds the anterior knee via a branch called the genicular artery with many branches

317
Q

What does the Gluteus Maximus Muscle connect to on the lateral side?

A

the iliotibial tract

Gluteal Tuberosity of femur

318
Q

What is the postive Trendelenburg test?

A

A tilted pelvis to the side of the lifted leg. This happens when the gluteus medius
and minimus muscles cannot contract when the contralateral leg is lifted to maintain a level pelvis (hip addiuction)

319
Q

what is patellar maltracking caused by?

A

-Caused by delayed activation of the vastus medialis and patella moves laterally to create bone to bone contact (osteoarthritus)(weakend or vastus lateralis is larger and overpowers it moving patella over)

320
Q

What is located immediately lateral to the tibia?

A

Tibialis anterior (when you flex hard you should feel the belly of the tibialis anterior)

321
Q

What tendon does the gastrocnemius join?

A

The calcaneal tendon

322
Q

What does the anterior intermuscular septum seperate?

A

Anterior and lateral comparments

323
Q

Insertion of external oblique

A

Linea Alba
Pubic tubercle
anterior iliac crest

324
Q

Insertion of Adductor magnus

A 
Fleshy insertion (deep part)medial lip of the linea aspera
Tendinous insertion-(superficial part)adductor tubercle of the femur
325
Q

What are the cuneiforms?

A

Three bones in a row on the foot

326
Q

What muscles attach to the posterior ilium?

A

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

327
Q

List the lower leg muscles medial to lateral starting at the tibia bone

A

Tibia Bone (All anterior compartment)

  1. Tibialis anterior
  2. Extensor hallucis longus
  3. Extensor digitorum
328
Q

Describe the Gluteal Blood Supply

A
  • Lower Pelvis-internal iliac artery
  • Gluteal arteries run throgh the greater sciatic notch of the ilium (superior makes contact with superior portion of notch and inferior portion of notch
  • gluteals anastomose and branch
329
Q

Action of pectineus

A

Adducts, external rotation and slight flexion on the knee joint
stabilizes the pelvis in the coronal and sagittal planes

330
Q

Action of the soleus muscle

A

plantarflexus the foot

331
Q

What can mask the pulse of the tibia?

A

Retinaculum

332
Q

Describe the inguinal ligament

A

Found in men

Attaches to anterior superior illiac spine and runs along the pubis bone

333
Q

Why do you palpate both posterior tibial pulse at the same time?

A

Compare sides to see if one is stronger

334
Q

What arteris anastomose on the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Gastro-omental arterys

335
Q

What compartment of the lower leg does the deep fibular nerve go into?

A

Anterior

336
Q

What part of the pancreas is in the peritoneum?

A

The head (tail is retroperintonal)

337
Q

What action do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg perform?

A

Dorsiflexion

Inversion

338
Q

describe the orientation of the Biceps Femoris muscle

A

Most lateral muscle(2 heads)

Crosses hip joint and crosses knee

339
Q

Where do the superior epigastic arteries become inferior epigastric arteries?

A

Pass the umbilicus

340
Q

What goes through the esophageal hiatus?

A

Esophagus

341
Q

describe the orientation of the Semimembranosus

A

Most medial

342
Q

Where is gracilis?

A

Medial side of thigh

343
Q

How many metatarsals are there?

A

5

344
Q

Action of transversus

abdominis

A

Rotates trunk to same side

compresses abdomen

345
Q

When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

A

Deep to the inguinal ligament

346
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Walking on tip toes

347
Q

What goes between the shafts of the tibia and fibula?

A

Interosseus membrane

348
Q

What protects the pudendal nerve?

A

Sacrotubeous Ligament

349
Q

How are the omentums named?

A

Based on the curvature of the stomach

350
Q

Location of the internal oblique muscle?

A

Deep to the external oblique

351
Q

Innervation of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus hamstring muscle

A

Tibial Division of the sciatic nerve

352
Q

Action of the soleus muscle

A

Flexes the foot

353
Q

What are the branches of the genicular artery?

A
  1. Medial superior genicular artery
  2. Medial inferior genicular artery
  3. Lateral superior genicular artery
  4. Lateral Inferior genicular arteries
354
Q

List the 3 injuries that occur during an unhappy triad and how this occurs.

A

Sharp blow to the lateral side of the knee (football and soccer)
1. Blow (snap in half) Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
2. Medial meniscus (has a lateral attachment so it pulls apart)
3.Rupture Anterior cruciate ligament
Surgery is needed (9 months healing time)

355
Q

What is the Lateral border of the abdominal cavity?

A

External Onlique
Internal Oblique
Tranversus Abdominus
In the superior part some costal cartilages

356
Q

The peritoneum is a _____ _______.

A

Double Walled Membrane

357
Q

What quadrant is most of the liver in?

A

Upper right with some going into upper left quadrant

358
Q

Where does the superior gluteal nerve come out?

A

Superior to the piriformas muscle

359
Q

Define intermittent claudication and how it would affect a posterior tibial artery pulse.

A

Characterized by leg pain and cramps develops during walking and disappears after rest. It results from ischemia of the leg muscles caused by narrowing or occlusion of the leg arteries.

360
Q

Where does the deep femoral artery run?

A

Extends down the posterir thigh depp and runs deep to the knee posteriorly

361
Q

Why is a ruptuered spleen so dangerous?

A

It is a capsulated organ that has a rich supply of blood so you can bleed to death in 20 minutes

362
Q

What is the most superficial Gluteal Muscle?

A

Gluteus Maximus

363
Q

How do you treat Patellar maltracking?

A
  1. Physical Therapy(partial knee extensions to recruit vastus medius)
  2. Orthootics for flat feet (eversion of foot-caves in on medial side that pulls down on tibia to angle it as it comes down)
  3. weight loss
  4. cortisone injections
    3.
364
Q

Action of External and internal oblique

A 
Bends trunk to same side
rotates trunk to opposite side
flexes trunk
compresses abdomen
stabilizes pelvis
365
Q

What does the right gastric artery follow?

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach on the right side

366
Q

Innervation of rectus abdominis

A

intercostal nerves (T5-T12)

367
Q

What bones make up the pelvis?

A

ilium
ishium
pubis bones

368
Q

Action of Sartorius

A

Flexes, abducts and external rotation of the hip joint

Flexes and internal rotation of knee joint

369
Q

What are the 3 main branches off the celiac trunk?

A

Splenic (Spiral) Artery
Left Gastric Artery
Common hepatic Artery

370
Q

What anastomose on the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Gastric arteries

371
Q

Why do we have the plantaris muscle?

A

We don’t know, doesn’t produce a lot of force

372
Q

What is the most superficial muscle on the posterior side of the lower leg?

A

Gastrocnemius

373
Q

Name the Quadrants of the stomach

A

Right Upper Quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right Lower Quandrant
Left Lower quadrant

374
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesmoid meaning it is located in tissue

375
Q

What is in the upper left quadrant?

A

Some of the liver,
Spleen
Most of the stomach
Most of the pancreas

376
Q

Origin of quadriceps femoris

A

tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

377
Q

Does soleus cross the knee?

A

No

378
Q

What is located at the base of the falciform ligament?

A

The round ligament of the liver

379
Q

Insertion of Gluteus Maximus

A

Iliotibial Tract

Gluteal Tuberosity

380
Q

Action of Tensor Fashia Lata

A

Flexes and Abducts and medially rotates hip (Thigh)

381
Q

What is the function of the inguinal ligament?

A

It provides and anchor between leg and torso and provides enforcement for spermatic cord

382
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter seperate?

A

Stomach from duodenum

383
Q

How do you prevent piriformis sydrome?

A

Strengthen other muscles so piriformis does not compress sciatic nerve

384
Q

How far does the tibial nerve run?

A

All the way down to the foot

385
Q

What does the superior gluteal artery provide blood to?

A

Gluteus Maximus

386
Q

Action of rectus femoris

A

Flexes hip joint

Extends knee joint

387
Q

Describe extention of the hip?

A

Coming up from a squat or in standing position

388
Q

What is the primary problem with osteoporosis?

A
  • not a lot of bone mass so fractures can occur.

- Breaking a hip tends to put people in a nursing home and the death is on average 2 years

389
Q

Does the tibial nerve run with any large vessels?

A

Popliteal artery and vein

390
Q

What does the femoral nerve look like?

A

Branches rapidly as it feeds the leg

391
Q

Where does the femoral artery change its name to popliteal artery?

A

After it passes through the adductor hiatus

392
Q

What genicular arteries can we see on the posterior side of the leg?

A

inferiors

393
Q

What part of the biceps femoris crosses the hip joint?

A

Long head

394
Q

what part of the fibula articulates to the tibia?

A

the head

395
Q

Action of of the Biceps Femoris hamstring muscle

A

Extends the long head of the thigh

Flexes the Leg

396
Q

What direction do the fasicles go in the internal oblique muscle?

A

Lateral to medial

397
Q

Describe the skeletal articulations of the knee.

A

Femur and Tibia Bones

  1. Tibial Condyles will articulate with femoral condyles superiorly
  2. The Patella (kneecap) articulates with the anterior surface of the femur
  3. Fibula does not articulate with the femur (only with the tibia)
398
Q

Where does the lesser omentum run and attach to?

A

Runs along the lesser curvature of the stomach and attaches to the
-esophagus, Hepatoduodenal ligament
Early duodenum
Lesser curvature of the stomach

399
Q

How many subquandrants are there?

A

9

400
Q

Explain the structure and function of knee menisci

A
  • fibrocartilage

- function: deepen articular surfaces and provide shock absorption

401
Q

Origin of the Superior Gemellus

A

Ischial Spine

402
Q

Why do you take the posterior tibial pulse?

A

Test for claudication or intermittant claudication (leg cramping)
or Occulsive peripheral artery disease in people over 60

403
Q

What is the insertion of the Superior and Inferior Gemellus?

A

Greater Trochanter of the Femur

Obturator internus Tendon

404
Q

What does the PCL do?

A

Prevents posterior movement of the tibia (thicker than ACL) so stronger
less common than ACL

405
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Cavity filled with fluid

406
Q

How do the attachments for the gluteus maximus relate to the movement created by the muscle?

A
  • If you shorten the fasicles of the muscle it would pull on the IT band and give you lateral rotation of the hip (Spinning femur)
  • Gluteual Tuberosity is the inferior attachment which extends the hip
407
Q

Explain Q angle

A

Angle of our femur as it is coming through to knee

408
Q

How are shin splints treated?

A

Ice, Rest, NSAIDS, massage, gate theory of pain

Worse Case: Anterior compartment release (Cut connective tissue and spread it out on the anterior crest of the tibia)

409
Q

Action of Gluteus Minimus and Gluteus Medius?

A

Abducts and medially rotates the Hip (Thigh)

410
Q

What was the old treatment for an inguinal hernia?

A

Putting a piece of plastic mesh

411
Q

In general, what is the nerve innervation of the medial thigh muscles?

A

Obturator nerve

412
Q

What does one have to do to take the posterior tibial pulse?

A

Invert the foot to relax the retinaculum

413
Q

Where does the left gastric become the right gastric?

A

No specific place

414
Q

What action does the Piriformis, Obturator Internus, Superior Gemellus, Inferior Gemellus and Quadratus femoris perform?

A

Lateral rotation of the hip (thigh)

415
Q

Who is at a higher risk for Anterior ligament injuries, m or f?

A

Female, (Q angle, and pelvic

Male is more straight up and down

416
Q

Where is the fibular or lateral collateral ligament?

A

attaches to head of fibula and runs to the lateral aspect to the femur

417
Q

What is the Greater Omentum?

A

A mesentary sheet that extends inferiorly from the inferior border of the stomach
-You will see fat

418
Q

What abdominal Muscles insert on the Linea Alba?

A

External Oblique muscle
Internal Oblique Muscle
Transversus Abdominus

419
Q

Which Abdominal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves?

A

All 4

420
Q

Which abdominal muscles are innervated by iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve?

A

Internal Oblique

Transversus Abdominus

421
Q

Which abdominal muscle does not flex the trunk?

A

Transversus abdominis

422
Q

What 3 abdominal muscles do both unilateral (ipsalateral and bilateral movements?

A

Internal, External Oblique and transversus abdominis

423
Q

What abdominial muscles bends trunk to same side and rotates trunk to the opposite side?, flexes trunk , compresses abdomen and stabilizes pelvis?

A

Internal and external oblique

BMS 547 (12 decks)

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