Lecture facts Flashcards
Which of the following is correct regarding atherosclerosis?
a) It is present always in elderly, but not in children
b) It is an inflammatory process leading to coronary artery disease.
c) It can be detected by palpation.
d) Smaller atherosclerotic plaques are more prone to rupture.
B
A. not always, depends on lifestyle
B. white bloodcell accumulation
C. Palpation = feeling with the fingers
D. as plaques thicken the cell wall, rupture is probably less prone
Which of these groups are correct?:
I: Alimentary tract: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal
II: Accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Both are correct
Serosa comprise the …
A. smooth muscle fibers
B. ephitelium + connective tissue
C. blood vessels + lymphatic vessels
D. epithelium + smooth muscle fibers
B. Serosa (Serous membrane) is a smooth membrane consisting of two layers of epithelial cells (as membranes), which secrete serous fluid (somewhat like the water of the body).
Dyspepsia is…
A. Difficulty swallowing
B. No production of urine
C. Difficulty digesting
D. Difficulty opening a pepsi bottle
C. Difficulty swallowing = Dysphagia
Jaundice is associated with:
A. Black people
B. Asian people
C. Indians
D. Kidney disease
B + liver disease.
Diverticuli:
A. B
B. a bowl containing fruit from every continent in the world
C. when a vein forms multiple braches due to hypertension
D. small pouches in lining of digestive tract
D
C does exist, cannot come up with the name right now + probably not even in the lectures so do not bother brother
Pharynx:
Cavity behind the mouth (keel)
Barrett’s oesophagus
Normal ephitelium is replaced by columnar ephitelium (enlarged cells) usualy caused by GORD. Can be reversed with anti-reflux therapy
Select correct order:
A. GORD - Oesophageal cancer - Barrett’s oesophagus
B. Bulbasaur - squirtle -charmander
C. Barrett’s oesophagus - GORD - Oesophageal cancer
D. none of the above
D
should be
GORD -Barrett’s oesophagus - oesophageal cancer
Insulin is produced in:
A. the gallbladder
B. the liver
C. beta cells in the pancreas
D. a candy factory
C
Glucacon… :
A. Is produced in the pancreas and regulates glucose levels
B. Is produced in the liver and regulates glycogen levels
C. Glucagon induces the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
D. Is the antagonist of insulin
A, C, D
Which facts concerning the gallbladder and bile are correct?
A. gallbladder produces bile
B. bile enhances absorption of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, acting as a emulsifier
C. Is situated behind and under the stomach
D. Is larger than the pancreas
A, B
Under liver, more to the left is the panceas
What are the liver functions?:
A. Metabolism, blood filtering, detoxification, storage, secretion
B. Storage, blood filtering
C. Metabolism, storage, blood filtering, secretion
D. some of the above
A
Endoscopy is to… :
A. look with an endoscope into the GI tract
B. look with an endoscope into the eye
C. look with an endoscope into the GI tract and into the eye
D. Look with an endoscope into the GI tract and perform when necessary a mini-surgery
D
Do C and you will get an infected eye
Which facts about the thyroid are true?
A. It deregulates metabolism
B. It affects growth and function of many organs
C. It secretes Thyroxine
D. None of the above
B, C
Hemoptysis is …:
A. Hemoglobin deficiency
B. Blood deficiency in the thyroid
C. Blood in sputum
D. Sickle Cell Disease
C
Dyspnea is… :
A. Air bubbles trapped in the pulponary arterial system
B. Hiccups
C. Productive cough
D. Breathlessness
D
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is… :
Breathing stops at night resulting in shortage of oxygen.
Tiredness, concentration disturbances, pulmonary hypertension (after long-term OSAS)
How many cranial nerves are there?
- are nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), in contrast to spinal nerves
Are blood vessels and connective tissue components of the nervous system?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Maybe
D. Cat
A
What is propiocepsis?
The coordination of your spatial position of your body.
Paresthesia:
A sensation of tingling, tickling, pricking, or burning of a person’s skin with no apparent long-term physical effect
Arthritis:
Inflammation of joints
Anamnesis
Medical history (aanname)
Ischialgia
Pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve — which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg
Angia pectoris
Pain on chest
Varicose veins
Veins that have become enlarged and twisted (e.g. spataderen)
Pulmonary trunk:
Pulmonary artery
What are capillaries?
A. The ‘ends’ of blood vessels
B. They connect arteries to veins
C. Smallest size blood vessels
D. None of the above
A, B, C
What are the names of the heart valves?
oxygen poor blood enters via tricuspid valve, leaves via pumonary valve. Oxygen rich blood then enters via the mitral valve and leaves via the aortic valve.
Which are the atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid + bicuspid
Dyslipidemia
Abnormal lipid levels in blood
What are kidney functions?:
A. Excretory
B. Regulatory
C. Endocrine
D. Metabolic
A, B, C, D
Excretory (ultrafiltration)
Regulatory (electrolytes)
Endocrine (hormones)
Metabolic (Vit D)
Hypogonadism
diminished functional activity of the gonads – the testes and ovaries in males and females, respectively – that may result in diminished sex hormone biosynthesis.
Amenorrhoea
Absence of menstrual period
Dysmenorrhea
Severe pain during menstruation
Stop smoking?
A. Yes, stop smoking
B. You should stop smoking
C. Do not smoke
D. All of the above, and do not smoke
Stop smoking
Carcinoma:
Tumour on surface of skin and organs (skin, lung, breast)
Sarcoma:
Tumour from underlying tissue (bone, fat, muscles)
Leukemia
Tumour in bone marrow
Lymphomas
Tumour from lymph tissue
Telomeres shorten after each cell division, which ultimately leads to cell senescence (non-dividing state). For which cells is this not the case?
Germline, stem cells, and cancer cells
Sporadic cancer:
Cancer developing in people who do not carry a high-risk mutation is referred to as sporadic cancer
Renal stones are more prone in: (sort){Asians, Afro Americans, White, Hispanics}
White> Hispanics> Asians> Afro Americans
