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Biology 210-05 > lecture exam 4 > Flashcards

lecture exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

muscular system: explain the internal structure of skeletal muscle

A
  • epimysium: the outer most layer/membrane covering the whole muscle structure
  • perimysium: membrane of the fascicle ( bundles of muscle fibers )
  • endomysium: the membrane of individual muscle fibers
  • sarcolemma: membrane of the individual muscle cell
  • myofibril: smaller units within muscle fiber
  • actin and myosin: thick and thin myofilaments
  • sarcomere: actin and myosin ( the functional unit )
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2
Q

muscular system: What are actin and myosin?

A
  • Actin: thin filament
  • Myosin: thick filament
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3
Q

muscular system: what starts the muscle contraction process starting with the axon? ( step 1 muscle contraction process)

A
  1. axon terminal shoots out acetylcholine into the sarcolemma and binds to sarcolemma receptors
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4
Q

muscular system: what happens after the axon releases acetylcholine that binds to sarcolemma receptors? ( step 2 muscle contraction process)

A
  1. action potential travels along sarcolemma and down into the transverse tubules
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5
Q

muscular system:what happens after the action potential traveled down the sarcolemma and into the transverse tubules? ( step 3 muscle contraction process)

A
  1. once at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium is released
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6
Q

muscular system: what happens after the action potential triggering the release of calcium? ( step 4 muscle contraction process)

A
  1. Calcium will bind with troponin, Troponin will interact with tropomyosin and that exposes the active site and the myosin head will form the cross bridge
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7
Q

muscular system: what happens after Ca+ binding with troponin and myosin head creating cross bridge? ( step 5 muscle contraction process)

A
  1. Myosin head will swivel and contraction (shortening) will occur
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8
Q

muscular system: what happens after swimming myosin head contracts? ( step 6 muscle contraction)

A
  1. ATP will allow the myosin head to release and re-grab the actin
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9
Q

muscular system: what happens after ATP attaches to myosin head for release/re-grab actin?

A
  1. Once action potential stops (no Ach), then Ca is reabsorbed the troponin moves the tropomyosin and will block the active site on the actin (muscle relaxed)
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10
Q

muscular system: how does the nervous system interact with skeletal muscle?

A
  • action potentials sent by neurons sending chemical messages to the myofilaments of the muscle
  • ” End of the neuron releases a chemical (acetylcholine) that will bind to receptors on the sarcolemma “
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11
Q

muscular system: what role does an action potential have to the process of muscle contraction?

A
  • action potential releases acetylcholine, sending chemical signal for contraction, one action potential stops and calcium ions is reabsorbed by troponin and moves tropomyosin causing muscle is relaxed
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12
Q

muscular system: what role does ATP have in the process of muscle contraction?

A
  • ATP will allow the myosin head to
    release and re-grab the actin
  • made by anaerobic and aerobic respiration
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13
Q

msucular system: What are the different ways ATP can be made?

A
  1. aerobic respiration
    -requires oxygen
    -requires mitochondria
    -requires time
    -most efficient way to generate ATP long term
    -Glycogen –stored glucose (75% of all glycogen in the body is stores in muscle)
  2. anaerobic respiration
    • muscles can shift to anaerobic
      glycolysis.
      -during prolonged or heavy exercise
      when the supply of oxygen to the
      mitochondria is just not enough
    • no oxygen needed BUT not as efficient
      -lactic acid is made (this will need to be processed)
      -undergo oxygen debt
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14
Q

respiratory system: what is the function of respiration?

A
  • get oxygen (O2) from the environment
  • release carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
    body
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15
Q

respiratory systems: what is diffusion?

A
  • diffusion of gases across a membrane
    -differences in concentration are important
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16
Q

respiratory systems: how is surface area connected to diffusion?

A
  • surface area correlates to amount/quality of diffusion
    -larger surface for better exchange
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17
Q

respiratory systems: what other ways can rate of diffusion be increased?

A
  1. reducing the thickness of the barrier of diffusion
    -simple versus stratified epithelial tissue
  2. Pressure differences between the different sides of the membrane (pumping mechanisms - ventilation)
    -becomes increasingly important in water environments with low O2 partial pressure
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18
Q

respiratory systems: what is cellular respiration?

A
  • energy from food
    -oxygen is the final electron acceptor in this process
  • internal and external respiration
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19
Q

respiratory systems: What is external respiration?

A
  • external respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and it’s environment across a respiratory surface
    1. at skin surface
    2. gills
    3. lungs
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20
Q

respiratory systems: what is internal respiration?

A
  • internal respiration: gases exchanged with tissues throughout the body
  • with the help of the circulatory system
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21
Q

respiratory systems: in what ways does an aquatic environment or an air environment impact gas exchange?

A

-air contains more oxygen and the amount usually doesn’t vary much
* water –less in amount and greater variation
-gas molecules diffuse more rapidly in air than water
* aquatic animals must have pretty efficient ways of removing oxygen from water
-respiratory surfaces must be thin and moist
* benefit to aquatic animals
* air breathers –internal structures and development of pumping mechanisms

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22
Q

respiratory systems: what is the difference between evagination and invagination?

A
  1. aquatic respiration: evagination of structures
    -external gills are evaginated from the body and project directly into the environmental medium
    internal gills are evaginated from the body and project into a superficial body cavity, through which the environmental medium is pumped
  2. air respiration: invagination of structures
    - lungs are invaginated from the body and contain an environmental medium
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23
Q

respiratory systems: what is gas exchange by direct diffusion?

A
  • cutaneous respiration
    -relies on surface area
    -can supplement other forms of breathing
    -larger animals must have other structures
    • gills
    • trachea
    • lungs
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24
Q

respiratory system: what is beneficial about gills compared to that of diffusion through your body surface?

A
  • gills: branchia
    • increased surface area and exposure to water
  • less systems to go through and superficial surface area is best for diffusion
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25
Q

respiratory systems: explain countercurrent flow

A

-countercurrent mechanisms
-blood flow is the opposite of flow of water across gills
-provides the greatest chance of oxygen diffusion due to differences in
concentration

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26
Q

respiratory systems: explain ventilation systems

A
  • active ventilation
    -pumping water over the gills (buccal pumping)
    -operculum closed and water drawn into mouth
    -mouth then closes, operculum opens and water moves over gills
    -ram ventilation
    -active fish (herring, mackerel, yellowfin tuna)
    -always moving forward to move more water over gills
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27
Q

respiratory systems: what role does the operculum have in ventilation?

A
  • operculum closed and water drawn into mouth
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28
Q

respiratory systems: compare the respiratory systems of those who use aquatic respiration versus those who use air respiration

A
  • aquatic animals achieve better diffusion though thinner barrier ( simple squamous vs stratified epithelium )
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29
Q

respiratory systems: what do insects use for gas exchange?

A
  • tracheae: branching system of tubes that extend throughout the body
  • insects and other terrestrial arthropods
  • at the end branches are tracheoles which go to each cell
  • air enters and exits through spiracles (valve)
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30
Q

respiratory systems: what are lungs and the characteristics?

A
  • internal structures in one particular area
  • air breathing vertebrates
  • highly vascularized
  • circulatory system responsible for moving the O2 and CO2 around the body
  • ventilated (pressure/pumping mechanism) to get air in and out
    1.) amphibian lungs
  • relatively simple open spaces
  • sufficient to meet lower metabolic demands of amphibians and reptiles
    2.) mammalian lungs
  • millions of small sacs called alveoli
  • surface area 50-90 m21000km of capillaries
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31
Q

respiratory systems: what system/organs/structures are involved in respirations?

A
  • nostrils
  • nasal chamber
  • pharynx
  • glottis
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
    -bronchioles
    -alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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32
Q

respiratory systems: what is a disadvantage of mammalian lungs?

A
  • in mammalian lungs, because both parts of gas exchange is occurring in the same space, lung ventilation is actually very inefficient (we don’t get all used air out before new air comes in)
    -only 1/6 of air is replenished
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33
Q

respiratory systems: what is ventilation?

A
  • getting the air in and out
  • this can be done in different ways
    1.) positive Pressure
    -breathing: frogs
  • air pushed in
    2. )negative Pressure
  • breathing: mammals
  • air drawn in
  • air Sacs: birds
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34
Q

respiratory systems: what is positive pressure breathing?

A
  • they do not have a diaphragm
  • air into mouth through nostrils
  • close mouth and raise the floor of the mouth→push air into the lungs
  • positive pressure: forces the air into the lungs
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35
Q

respiratory systems: what is negative pressure breathing?

A
  • during inspiration, the thoracic cavity expands
  • increases the volume of the space and lowers pressure in the space
  • atmospheric pressure higher
  • air is drawn into the lungs
    -during exhalation, the space gets smaller
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36
Q

respiratory systems: how do birds breathe?

A
  • improved efficiency because of system of air sacs
  • a one way flow of air
  • gas exchange still only occurs in the lungs
  • meets the high metabolic demand of flight
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37
Q

circulatory systems: what is the function of the circulatory system?

A

-transports material to and from the cells (nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones)
- for most animals, blood is transported and is done with vessels.
- other jobs: dealing with pressure changes, temperature regulation

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38
Q

circulatory system: what is hemolymph and what type of circulatory system moves hemolymph?

A
  • hemolymph is the circulatory fluid
  • open circulatory system
39
Q

circulatory system: what is an open circulatory system?

A
  • no distinction between “blood” and the interstitial fluid
  • no small blood vessels of capillaries for exchange at the cells
  • pumped by heart (or tubular muscle)
    • hemolymph is the circulatory fluid
    • makes up 20-40% of body volume
  • examples: Molluscs, arthropods
    -terrestrial arthropods don’t use this for gas exchange
40
Q

circulatory system: what is a closed circulatory system?

A
  • blood is pumped by heart(s)
  • blood is confined to vessels that return it to the heart(s)
  • examples: Annelids, cephalopod molluscs and all vertebrates
41
Q

circulatory system: what are differences between the difference types of vessels?

A
  • arteries move blood AWAY from the heart
  • arterioles narrow/smaller arteries
  • capillaries = exchange with cells (nutrients, metabolic wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide)
  • venules = narrowed/smaller veins
  • veins move blood back TOWARDS the heart
42
Q

circulatory system: how is the lymphatic system involved in the circulatory system?

A
  • because the pressure at the
    capillaries –often a net loss of
    fluid
  • lymphatic system recovers
    much of this and returns it to
    circulation
43
Q

circulatory systems: what are two chambered heart systems and characteristics?

A

-evolved first in fish (cartilaginous, bony)
- increases the efficiency of circulation to gills (where oxygenation can occur)
- first chamber: Atrium
- second chamber: Ventricle (pump)
- blood flow: Conus arteriosus →Gills →Body →Sinus venosus →Atrium →Ventricle →Conus arteriosus
- single circulation: blood passes through heart only once

44
Q

circulatory system: what are the characteristics of double circulation?

A
  • with the evolution of lungs, vertebrates developed double circulation system
  • through the heart two times
  • systemic circuit to/from the body
  • oxygenated blood to the capillary beds of body
  • pulmonary circuit to and from the lungs
  • to and from capillary beds of the lungs
45
Q

circulatory system: what is a three chambered heart systems and characteristics?

A
  • evolved in amphibians (and found in
    most reptiles)
  • heart: 2 artia, 1 ventricle
  • right atrium: receives deoxygenated
    blood from the body
  • left atrium: receives oxygenated
    blood from the lungs
  • some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle
    -blood Flow: Right atrium→
    ventricle→lungs→left atrium
    →ventricle→body→right atrium
  • reptiles (Chelonian and Squamates) -
    septum partially divides the ventricle
  • less mixing in the ventricle
  • septum is complete in crocodilians –
    true 4 chambered heart
46
Q

circulatory systems: what are four chambered heart systems and characteristics?

A
  • mammals, birds, crocodilians
  • heart: 2 artia, 2 ventricles
  • right atrium: receives deoxygenated
    blood from the body
  • left atrium: receives oxygenated
    blood from the lungs
    -NO mixing of oxygenated and
    deoxygenated blood in the ventricles
  • separate pressures –high systemic
    pressure without damage created to
    the pulmonary tissues
47
Q

circulatory system: what are characteristics of crocodilian heart systems?

A
  • blood flow out of the heart differs slightly based on air breathing or diving
  • increase in systemic blood flow over pulmonary blood flow when fresh air is
    it’s unavailable
48
Q

circulatory systems: what are characteristics of birds and mammals four chambered heart systems? what one characteristic crocodilian hearts have that mammalian and bird hearts lack?

A
  • unlike the crocodilians –birds and mammals do not have shunting depending on changing ventilation rates
  • birds and mammals would have to make other physiological changes
    • muscles anaerobic
    • energy conservation
    • blood shunted to priority organs (microcirculation shifts)
49
Q

circulatory systems: what is the blood flow for four chambered mammalian heart?

A

Right atrium→right ventricle→pulmonary artery→lungs→pulmonary veins→left atrium →left ventricle→body→Superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava→right atrium

50
Q

circulatory system: what are some of the structures and characteristics in four chambered mammalian hearts?

A
  1. valves
    -Atrioventricular valves
    - left (bicuspid)
    - right (tricuspid)
  2. Semilunar valves ( prevent back flow)
    -Aortic
    - Pulmonary
  3. differences in the ventricle walls
    - Contraction = systole
    - Relaxation = diastole
51
Q

nervous system: what is the function of the nervous system?

A

-functions
1. sensory information (from outside or inside of body)
2. processes that information
3. provides responses (motor)
- ability to respond to environmental stimuli
- system in place for cells to work together to do so

52
Q

nervous system: what are the cells of the nervous system?

A
  • neurons
  • glial cells
53
Q

nervous system: how is the nervous system organized?

A
  1. Central Nervous System
    - brain and spinal cord
    - responsible for the PROCESSING
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
    - everything else, ganglia, nerves
    - responsible for bringing information IN and sending
    responses OUT
54
Q

nervous system: what kinds of neurons are used in
the different functions?

A
  • afferent or sensory
  • interneurons
  • efferent or motor
55
Q

nervous system: what function of afferent or sensory neurons?

A
  • sensory information to the CNS
56
Q

nervous system: where are interneurons found? what is their function?

A
  • only found in the central nervous system
  • processing
  • make up most of all neurons
57
Q

nervous system:what do efferent or motor neurons do?

A
  • response information from the CNS
58
Q

nervous system: what do glial cells do for neurons?

A
  1. Central Nervous System
    - Oligodendrocytes
    - Astrocytes
    - Microglia
    - Ependymal Cells
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
    - Schwann Cells
    - Satellite Cells
59
Q

nervous system: explain, in general, how neurons work and what role a synapse has in their function?

A
  • negative charge inside the cell and positive outside
    (resting membrane potential)
  • stimulus will change membrane permeability. Allows ions to rush in creating the action potential
  • all of none
  • high rate or frequency →greater level of excitation
60
Q

nervous system: what do chemical elements do in a neuron?

A
  • Sodium (Na+) ions and Potassium (K+) ions
    -Na+ wants in badly change in membrane permeability
    -Na+/K+ pump will return the cell back to resting action potential
  • much more complicated process
61
Q

nervous system: connect the nervous system to the muscular system

A
  • neurons send Acetylcholine to the terminal and pre synaptic and send the ACH to the sarcolemma
62
Q

nervous system: what is the function of myelin sheath?

A
  • just like a wave, the action potential can weaken over the length of the axon
  • re-amplified at each Node of Ranvier, essentially jumping from gap to gap
  • with myelin, it’s much faster
63
Q

nervous system: what organisms are examples of invertebrate nervous system? what are the characteristics

A
  • cnidaria (radiates) –nerve net under epidermis. Simple
    receptors activated. Signal spreads throughout net
  • echinoderms have nerve nets and nerves (neurons bundled up)
  • flatworms (bilateral nervous system) –2 anterior ganglia then two nerve cords and lateral branches
  • annelids –brain, double nerve cords, and supplemental ganglia (afferent and efferent neurons)
  • molluscs: 3 pairs of ganglia
  • cephalopods: g
  • arthropods –similar to Annelids
    1. Ganglia more developed
    2. Ventral nerve cord
    3. Mushroom bodies –brain regions associated with learning
    4. Larger in social insects reatly enlarged ganglia making for complex nervous centers, increases capability→learning
64
Q

nervous system: vertebrae nervous system characteristics

A
  • dorsal nerve cord with large neural mass (brain)
  • centralized
    1. central Nervous System
    • Brain
      *Spinal Cord
      1. peripheral Nervous System
  • increase in size, configuration, and functional capacity = encephalization
  • Fast responses
  • Storage
  • Complexity
  • Flexibility
65
Q

nervous system: vertebrate brains - hindbrain

A
  1. medulla oblongata (medulla):
    - vital activities –heart, respiratory function
    - integration of feeding information
  2. pons
    - connects cerebellum with other area
  3. cerebellum
    - coordination of motion
    - vast differences between vertebrates
    - less developed for amphibians and nonavian reptiles
    - well developed in agile bony fish, birds, and mammals
    - mammals with increased dexterity have complex cerebellum
66
Q

nervous system: Vertebrate Brains - Midbrain

A
  • including optic lobe –nuclei that are visual and
    auditory reflex centers (mammals this is within
    the cerebrum)
  • fish and amphibians –integrates visual, tactile
    and auditory information
  • mammals –Relay center, for visual and auditory
    information
67
Q

digestive system: what is the function of the digestive system?

A
  • mechanical and chemical (or both) breakdown of nutrient rich material into smaller pieces for absorption
  • three types of digestion
    1. mechanical digestion
    2. chemical digestion
    3. absorption
68
Q

digestive system: how do unicellular organisms accomplish digestion?

A
  1. usually digestion isn’t needed
    - nutrients are directly absorbed into cells
    - protists
  2. some will capture particles in food vacuoles
    - lysosomes will provide the enzymes to digest the material
    - paramecium
69
Q

digestive system: what is intracellular digestion?

A
  • unicellular eukaryotes and sponges
  • particles into vacuole
  • enzymes added
  • nutrients absorbed into cytoplasm
  • each cell must be able to generate the enzymes needed and absorb products
70
Q

digestive system: what is extracellular digestion?

A
  • within the open part (lumen) of a digestive tube
  • certain cells secret material for chemical digestion
  • other cells absorb
  • many organisms use both
  • arthropods and vertebrates use only extracellular digestion
71
Q

digestive system: what is a complete and incomplete digestive tract?

A
  • incomplete digestive tract: single opening mouth/anus
  • complete digestive tract: mouth and anus, usually separated from the outer body wall
    • Alimentary canal
72
Q

digestive system: what are the functions of the alimentary canal?

A
  • reception
  • conduction and storage
  • grinding and early digestion
  • terminal digestion and absorption
  • water absorption and concentration of solids
73
Q

digestive system: what are the structures of the alimentary canal?

A
  • Mouth and Pharynx: entry
  • Esophagus: movement to stomach
  • Crop: temporary storage
  • Gizzard: grinding
  • Stomach: digestion
    -Intestines: digestion and absorption
  • Cloaca, rectum, or anus: expel waste
74
Q

digestive system: what are the associated structures of the alimentary canal?

A
  1. Salivary glands
    - secretion of digestive enzymes and lubricate food
  2. Pancreas
    - secretion of digestive enzymes into intestines
  3. Liver
    - secretion of bile (FA breakdown)
  4. Gallbladder
    - concentrates bile
    - cecum
    - connected to intestine.
    - where the bacteria are to break down plant matter
75
Q

digestive system: what does it mean to be a suspension feeder or a filter feeder?

A
  1. suspension feeding
    - using ciliated surfaces to create a current bringing in food particles into mouths
    - trap food on sheets of mucus move food to digestive tract or trap food and move to mouth
  2. filter feeder
    - type of suspension feeding
    - additional modification that works as a filtering device to strain food
    from water
    • Baleen –made of keratin
    • Gill rakers
76
Q

digestive system: what are some examples of invertebrate mouthparts and what are they used for?

A
  1. collection of food
    - suspension feeding, filter feeding, deposit feeding
    - Rotifer example: using wheel organ to create a current
  2. scape food off of surfaces
    - Radula of snails
    - Sea urchin
  3. no true teeth but many have structures that allow them to hold or bite prey.
    - structures for crushing and tearing
    -examples
    • Chelipeds in crustaceans
    • Mandibles in wasps
    • Beaks in squid
  4. deliver toxins to prey
    - inject digestive enzymes
    - example: Chelicera with fang that has a duct from venom gland
77
Q

digestive system: what is pleurodont tooth attachment?

A

-ancestral form
- one side of root is fixed to indents in the lingual/medial side of the jawbone
- attached with collagenous fibers or cement
- some reptiles
- example: lizards

78
Q

digestive system: what is acrodont tooth attachment?

A
  • fused to the rim of the jawbone
  • highest tooth”
  • no roots
  • frogs, some reptiles (lizards), bony fish
79
Q

digestive system: what is thecodont tooth attachment?

A
  • roots held in sockets in the jawbone
  • case” or “capsule”
  • Mammals, Crocodilians
80
Q

digestive system: what is tooth replacement and why is it important?

A
  • function: Accommodate growth, wear, and tear, loss
  • new tooth bud forms under mature tooth
  • new tooth large enough, the roots of the old tooth are reabsorbed
  • some are never replaced (acrodonts)
81
Q

digestive system: what is a polyphyodont ( tooth replacement)?

A
  • polyphyodont: replaced continuously
  • most toothed fishes, many reptiles
  • manatees, elephants, kangaroos
82
Q

digestive system: what are diphyodont ( tooth replacement) ?

A
  • diphyodont: two generations of teeth
  • first –deciduous in early life. No molars
  • most mammals
83
Q

digestive system: what is the difference between a homodont versus a heterodont?

A
  • homodont: the same teeth
  • heterodont: different teeth
84
Q

digestive system: what are the functional characteristics of mammalian teeth?

A
  1. chewing food
  2. speeds digestion
  3. special mouth morphology and dentition needed
    - articulated jaw
    - cheeks
    - mobile Tongue
    - specialized teeth (heterodont)
85
Q

digestive system: what are some types of mammalian teeth?

A
  • incisors: biting, cutting, stripping
  • canines: piercing, tearing, holding
  • premolars: grinding and crushing
  • molars: grinding and crushing
    -modifications based on diet
86
Q

digestive system: what is mastication and prehension? how many time do herbivores chew a day?

A
  • mastication: chewing, increases surface area
    • carnivores –small enough to swallow
    • herbivores: continuously chew 40,000-50,000 times/day
      *prehension: using body part to bring food to mouth
87
Q

digestive system: what do the structures of the alimentary canal do? ( food digestion process)

A
  1. mouth: receives food
    - mechanical digestion
    - chemical digestion
    - amylase
  2. pharynx: connection to esophagus
  3. esophagus: tube to the stomach
    - peristalsis
    - mucus but no chemical digestion
    -for most vertebrates who swallow food whole, it must be able to expand
  4. crop: Stores food until it can enter stomach or gizzard
    - vertebrates –only birds
  5. stomach: chemical and mechanical digestion
    - rugae
  6. gizzard: Mechanical digestion
    - using grit or stones (birds)
    - horny plates (insects, mollusks)
  7. proventriculus
    -birds: first part of stomach
    *glandular
    * chemical digestion
    - insects: expansion of the esophagus
    * muscular for grinding
    * mechanical digestion
88
Q

digestive system: what do the structures of the alimentary canal do? 8-11

A
  1. intestines
    - length will vary depending on the diet
    - enzymes break down carbohydrates, proteins, and
    fats
    - nutrient absorption
    - lined with villi and microvilli
    - increases absorption
    - many accessory structures will add in contents
  2. large intestine (colon)
    - water reabsorption and remaining nutrients
    - water absorption and excretion
  3. rectum (vertebrates and insects)
    - stores and compresses waste
  4. cloaca (amphibians, birds, reptiles)
    - opening for all excretion and reproduction
    - anus
    - opening for solid waste excretion only
89
Q

digestive system: what does the length of the intestines tell us about the diet of the organism?

A
  • compared to plant matter, protein(meat) is much
    easier to chemically digest
  • less protein in diet, the longer the digestive tract
90
Q

digestive system: what are nonruminant herbivore?

A
  • nonruminant: simple stomach, large cecum ( rabbit)
  • monogastric stomach
  • releasing enzyme themselves
  • lack of nutrient absorption
  • commonly will also utilize coprophagy
91
Q

digestive system: what are ruminant herbivore?

A
  • ruminant: four chambered heart, with large rumen, long small and large intestine
  • microorganisms in rumen are digesting
  • chambered stomach to max efficiency
  • rumination (cud chewing)
  • evolved only one time
92
Q

digestive system: what animals have a rumen stomach system? how many chambers does the rumen have and what are the called?

A
  • deer, moose, elk, giraffe, cow, sheep
  • camels, llamas (no omasum)
    1. chambers
  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • omasum
  • abomasum
93
Q

digestive system: what is a rumen stomach system?

A
  • large space, filled with bacteria that breakdown material
    -10 billion cells, 200 species
  • reverse peristalsis can occur
  • fermentation creates gas that is belched out

Biology 210-05 (6 decks)

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