lecture exam 1 Flashcards
how is a new variety generated in a population?
- mutation
- genetics
- migration
- natural selection
- interactions between things
explain homology and analogy
- homology: presence of similar structures in many/all spaces
-analogy: similar function but different forms
how do new species come about?
multiplication of species
1. allopatric speciation
2. sympatric speciation
3. adaptive radiation
4. gradualism
explain evolution
- the idea that species change over time, give arise to new species and share a common ancestor
explain micro and macro evolution
- microevolution: gene/allele frequency in a population
- macroevolution: large scale history of life ( origin of animals)
what are examples of evidence that supports darwin’s theory of evoultion
- ice man
- complete remains
- fossils show us evidence of directional changes in features and diversity of organisms
- animals species repeatedly arise and become extinct through out history
what is a species?
- species: lineage from common ancestral population
- barriers will prevent interbreeding of similar species
what kinds of barriers are in place that prevent similar species from interbreeding?
1.) geographical barriers
2.) reproductive barriers
what is microevolution?
-microevolution: gene/allele frequency in a population
explain: mutation and genetic drift
1.) mutation: ultimate source of variety
2.) genetic drift: changes in the allele frequency from the generation to the next determined by random chance ( bottleneck effect)
what is bottleneck effect?
changes in allele frequency from one generation to the next determined by random chance
what is inclusive fitness? how is it connected to natural selection?
- inclusive fitness: fitness/survival of genetic relatives
- survival of the best genes stay
what is sexual selection and how is it connected to natural selection? example?
- sexual selection: traits that will increase reproduction or mates, not about survival
- reproduction
how is the environment involved in the process of natural selection?
animals will adapt to their environment and therefore changing
define asexual reproduction and identify 4 forms of asexual reproduction
1.) fission
2.) budding
3.) gemmulation
4.) fragmentation
5.) parthenogenesis
- genetic identical copies from single source
define diploid and haploid, how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have?
- haploid: 1 set of chromosomes, undergoes meiosis
- diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes, undergoes mitosis
- gametes have 1 set of chromosomes ( 23)
what is parthenogenesis? what are examples? why would this process be beneficial?
- embryos develops from an unfertilized egg and sperm that failed to fertilize
- would be beneficial if reproduction is desired but no mate available
1.) facultative: occurs with no male present
2.) meiotic: ( haploid) only 1 set of chromosomes
3.) amniotic: ( diploid) eggs don’t undergo meiosis, includes 2 sets of chromosomes
define sexual reproduction, what are the 2 forms of sexual reproduction?
- the process of reproducing offspring
- production of gamete ( germ/sex cells)
- two forms of reproduction
1.) sexual reproduction
2.) asexual reproduction
what are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
-advantages: combination of new traits
-disadvantages: need a mate and fertilization is required
what are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
- advantages: don’t need to find mate, well adopted traits likely to get passed down
- disadvantages: not much opportunity for different variety of traits
list the order from most to least inclusive principle categories in Linnean classification?
1.) domains
2.) kingdoms
3.) phylum ( phyla)- body plan
4.) class ( classes)- variation in body plan
5.) order ( orders)- recognizable groupings
6.) family ( families)- often reflects adaptation
7.) genus ( genera)- capital
8.) species- lower case
what is the scientific name of an animal?
- the scientific name of any animal species
- 2 words ( italics or underlined)
- first word is genus ( caps ) second word is species ( lower case)
what attributes determine phylum, class, order and family?
1.) phylum: common body plan
2.) class: major variation in body plan, adaptation to a particular way of life
3.) order: recognizable groupings
4.) family: often reflects to the adaption to habitat or ways of feeding
explain the difference between an ancestral trait and derived trait
- ancestral: variant forms of a character was present in the common ancestor
- derived: forms or traits that arose later
how are synapomorphy and autapomorphy different?
synapomorphy: shared by more than one group
autapomorphy: unique to one group
what is a denogram? how are the cladograms and phylogenetic trees different from each other ?
- denograms: branching diagrams can show abundance or if groups appear suddenly or gradually
- cladogram: branching diagram based off first approximation and synapomorphies ( branch = time)
- phylogenetic tree: represents real lineage in evolution ( branch length = nothing)
how do monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic taxa differ?
- monophyletic: common ancestor, all descendants
- paraphyletic: common ancestors, but not all descendants
- polyphyletic: does not contain common ancestor, at least two different groups
what is the difference between pleiomorphy and apomorphy?
- pleiomorphy: shared ancestral trait
- apomorphy: derived trait
define homology and nomology, what is their role in constructing the phylogeny of species?
- homology: a trait present in an ancestor and in a descendant
- homoplasy: a derived trait that is seen in 2 lineages that lack common ancestor ( parallel), appear similar but evolved independently through convergent evolution
what is zoology?
- scientific study of life
- uses methods from all branches of science
what are the properties of living systems?
- general properties of all living systems
1.) chemical uniqueness
2.) complexity and hierarchal organization
3.) reproduction
4.) possession of genetic program
5.) metabolism
6.) developmental organization
7.) movement
what are the characteristics of animals?
1.) has to be eukaryotic ( nucleus, organelles)
2.) multicellular ( different types or multiple same cells)
3.) heterotrophic ( can’t make own energy source, digestion)
4.) cells do not have cell wall
5.) animals records show records about 600 million years ago
what are 5 guidelines for Darwin’s theory of evolution?
1.) perpetual change
2.) common descendent
3.) multiplication of the species
4.) gradualism
5.) natural selection
what is the basic definition of evolution?
- process resulting in changes in the genetic material of a population over time
- process which can occur on different scales
what is the scientific method? what are the steps involved in the scientific method?
- hypothetical method: requires generation of hypothesis to potentially answer questions
1.) observation
2.)hypothesis
3.)predictions
4.) tests/experiments
