lecture exam 1

Question 1

how is a new variety generated in a population?

Answer 1

1. mutation
2. genetics
3. migration
4. natural selection
5. interactions between things

Question 2

explain homology and analogy

Answer 2

• homology: presence of similar structures in many/all spaces
  -analogy: similar function but different forms

Question 3

how do new species come about?

Answer 3

multiplication of species
1. allopatric speciation
2. sympatric speciation
3. adaptive radiation
4. gradualism

Question 4

explain evolution

Answer 4

• the idea that species change over time, give arise to new species and share a common ancestor

Question 5

explain micro and macro evolution

Answer 5

• microevolution: gene/allele frequency in a population
• macroevolution: large scale history of life ( origin of animals)

Question 6

what are examples of evidence that supports darwin’s theory of evoultion

Answer 6

• ice man
• complete remains
• fossils show us evidence of directional changes in features and diversity of organisms
• animals species repeatedly arise and become extinct through out history

Question 7

what is a species?

Answer 7

• species: lineage from common ancestral population
• barriers will prevent interbreeding of similar species

Question 8

what kinds of barriers are in place that prevent similar species from interbreeding?

Answer 8

1.) geographical barriers
2.) reproductive barriers

Question 9

what is microevolution?

Answer 9

-microevolution: gene/allele frequency in a population

Question 10

explain: mutation and genetic drift

Answer 10

1.) mutation: ultimate source of variety
2.) genetic drift: changes in the allele frequency from the generation to the next determined by random chance ( bottleneck effect)

Question 11

what is bottleneck effect?

Answer 11

changes in allele frequency from one generation to the next determined by random chance

Question 12

what is inclusive fitness? how is it connected to natural selection?

Answer 12

• inclusive fitness: fitness/survival of genetic relatives
• survival of the best genes stay

Question 13

what is sexual selection and how is it connected to natural selection? example?

Answer 13

• sexual selection: traits that will increase reproduction or mates, not about survival
• reproduction

Question 14

how is the environment involved in the process of natural selection?

Answer 14

animals will adapt to their environment and therefore changing

Question 15

define asexual reproduction and identify 4 forms of asexual reproduction

Answer 15

1.) fission
2.) budding
3.) gemmulation
4.) fragmentation
5.) parthenogenesis
- genetic identical copies from single source

Question 16

define diploid and haploid, how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have?

Answer 16

• haploid: 1 set of chromosomes, undergoes meiosis
• diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes, undergoes mitosis
• gametes have 1 set of chromosomes ( 23)

Question 17

what is parthenogenesis? what are examples? why would this process be beneficial?

Answer 17

• embryos develops from an unfertilized egg and sperm that failed to fertilize
• would be beneficial if reproduction is desired but no mate available
  1.) facultative: occurs with no male present
  2.) meiotic: ( haploid) only 1 set of chromosomes
  3.) amniotic: ( diploid) eggs don’t undergo meiosis, includes 2 sets of chromosomes

Question 18

define sexual reproduction, what are the 2 forms of sexual reproduction?

Answer 18

• the process of reproducing offspring
• production of gamete ( germ/sex cells)
• two forms of reproduction
  1.) sexual reproduction
  2.) asexual reproduction

Question 19

what are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 19

-advantages: combination of new traits
-disadvantages: need a mate and fertilization is required

Question 20

what are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 20

• advantages: don’t need to find mate, well adopted traits likely to get passed down
• disadvantages: not much opportunity for different variety of traits

Question 21

list the order from most to least inclusive principle categories in Linnean classification?

Answer 21

1.) domains
2.) kingdoms
3.) phylum ( phyla)- body plan
4.) class ( classes)- variation in body plan
5.) order ( orders)- recognizable groupings
6.) family ( families)- often reflects adaptation
7.) genus ( genera)- capital
8.) species- lower case

Question 22

what is the scientific name of an animal?

Answer 22

• the scientific name of any animal species
• 2 words ( italics or underlined)
• first word is genus ( caps ) second word is species ( lower case)

Question 23

what attributes determine phylum, class, order and family?

Answer 23

1.) phylum: common body plan
2.) class: major variation in body plan, adaptation to a particular way of life
3.) order: recognizable groupings
4.) family: often reflects to the adaption to habitat or ways of feeding

Question 24

explain the difference between an ancestral trait and derived trait

Answer 24

• ancestral: variant forms of a character was present in the common ancestor
• derived: forms or traits that arose later

Question 25

how are synapomorphy and autapomorphy different?

Answer 25

synapomorphy: shared by more than one group
autapomorphy: unique to one group

Question 26

what is a denogram? how are the cladograms and phylogenetic trees different from each other ?

Answer 26

• denograms: branching diagrams can show abundance or if groups appear suddenly or gradually
• cladogram: branching diagram based off first approximation and synapomorphies ( branch = time)
• phylogenetic tree: represents real lineage in evolution ( branch length = nothing)

Question 27

how do monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic taxa differ?

Answer 27

• monophyletic: common ancestor, all descendants
• paraphyletic: common ancestors, but not all descendants
• polyphyletic: does not contain common ancestor, at least two different groups

Question 28

what is the difference between pleiomorphy and apomorphy?

Answer 28

• pleiomorphy: shared ancestral trait
• apomorphy: derived trait

Question 29

define homology and nomology, what is their role in constructing the phylogeny of species?

Answer 29

• homology: a trait present in an ancestor and in a descendant
• homoplasy: a derived trait that is seen in 2 lineages that lack common ancestor ( parallel), appear similar but evolved independently through convergent evolution

Question 30

what is zoology?

Answer 30

• scientific study of life
• uses methods from all branches of science

Question 31

what are the properties of living systems?

Answer 31

• general properties of all living systems
  1.) chemical uniqueness
  2.) complexity and hierarchal organization
  3.) reproduction
  4.) possession of genetic program
  5.) metabolism
  6.) developmental organization
  7.) movement

Question 32

what are the characteristics of animals?

Answer 32

1.) has to be eukaryotic ( nucleus, organelles)
2.) multicellular ( different types or multiple same cells)
3.) heterotrophic ( can’t make own energy source, digestion)
4.) cells do not have cell wall
5.) animals records show records about 600 million years ago

Question 33

what are 5 guidelines for Darwin’s theory of evolution?

Answer 33

1.) perpetual change
2.) common descendent
3.) multiplication of the species
4.) gradualism
5.) natural selection

Question 34

what is the basic definition of evolution?

Answer 34

• process resulting in changes in the genetic material of a population over time
• process which can occur on different scales

Question 35

what is the scientific method? what are the steps involved in the scientific method?

Answer 35

• hypothetical method: requires generation of hypothesis to potentially answer questions
  1.) observation
  2.)hypothesis
  3.)predictions
  4.) tests/experiments