general zoology 210-05 exam 3 Flashcards
integument: what is integument and what its function?
- outer covering of the body
- skin and all associated structures
- functions
- protection (abrasion, bacteria, sunlight)
- moisture proofing
- regulatory functions (temperature and gas exchange
*sensory information - absorption of nutrients
- coloration
- secretions
integument: why doesn’t Phylum Porifera have epidermis? what cellular layers does Phylum Porifera have?
- instead of epidermis, their body wall only has two layers of cells (NO TISSUE)
- Pinacoderm (epiderm)
- pinacocytes and porocytes
- choanoderm ( gastroderm)
- choanocytes
integument: what are unique cells or characteristics that invertebrates have in their integument?
- have a delicate plasma membrane
- paramecium: pellicle for extra protection
- most invertebrates have a single layer of epidermis
- some invertebrate have additional cuticle over the epidermis for additional protection
integument: what is a true exoskeleton? what organisms have an exoskeleton?
- true exoskeleton: firm exoskeleton and jointed appendages with muscle attachments
- organisms that have exoskeletons are
- Subphylum Trilobita ( extinct )
- Subphylum Chelicerata
- Class Merostomata: Horseshoe crab
-Class Arachnida: Spiders, scorpions, ticks
- Class Merostomata: Horseshoe crab
- Subphylum Crustacea
- Class Decapoda: Crabs, lobsters, shrimp
integument: what cells make the material of the exoskeleton? what layers make up the cuticle?
- Epicuticle: (outer layer ) Protein and lipid
- Protective and moisture proof layer
-Procuticle: (inner layer) Protein and chitin
*Ecdysis –shedding of the cuticle. Necessary to get large
*Seta: covered in cuticle and epidermal sensory extensions
- Protective and moisture proof layer
integument: what are the two different ways that the cuticle can harden?
-Calcification
* Calcium carbonate in the outer layers of the procuticle ( lobsters and crabs)
-Sclerotization
* Formation of protein, sclerotin
* Cross linkages between the bonds of the proteins ( insects )
integument: what types of tissue make up the epidermis and dermis of a vertebrate?
- thin outer stratified epithelium (epidermis)
- rises from ectoderm
- thick inner (dermis)
- rises from mesoderm
integument: how is the epidermis of amphibians different from that of reptiles?
- most amphibians lack dermal bones in their skin but have vestiges of dermal scales
-in reptiles, dermal bones form the armor of crocodilians, the beaded skin of lizards, and the shell of turtles - amphibians are different because they lack dermal bones
integument: scales – who has them? where do they originate from? how are they different between the different vertebrates?
- organisms with scales
- fish, birds ( claws), reptiles, amphibians
- scales can originate from either the epidermis ( reptiles ) or the dermis ( fish )
- some vertebrae animals don’t have scales as much as reptiles, fish, and amphibians
integument: what are the general functions or characteristics of feathers?
-homologous to a reptiles scales
-epidermal thickening
-non-vascularized, non-nervous
-feather bud forms a hollow cylinder (2 layers of epidermis) and sinks into follicle
* Outer layer –sheath
* Inner layer –shaft and barbs
integument: what are the different types of feathers and what kind of function do each have?
-wing: specialized for flight
-tail: steering precision
-contour: steam-lining, protection from elements, coloration
-semi plume: insulation
-down: trap body heat, insulation
-filoplume: perhaps like whiskers, display
-bristle: may protect eyes and face
integument: what epidermal characteristics do mammals have that the other taxa do not?
- no hair on thick skin on palms of hands and soles of feet ( stratum lucidum)
-less molting - whiskers and quills
integument: how are eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands different from one another?
- eccrine sweat glands: thermoregulation, mainly water
- apocrine sweat glands: chemical signaling, thicker lipid containing secretion
-sebaceous: release sebum on to hair follicle
-mammary: secrete milk through nipples (except monotremes who have patches of skin)
integument: what are the differences between horns and antlers?
- True horns: Antelope, sheep, cattle
*hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis
*core of bone arising from skull
*not shed or branched and grow continuously
*Pronghorn: forked and shed - Antlers: Deer family
*branched and solid bone from dermis when mature
*develop underneath vascular soft skin (velvet)
*only males (except caribou)
*antlers shed after breeding season
skeletal system: what is the function of a skeleton?
-provide rigidity
-protection
-facilitate movement
-muscle attachment surfaces
- supportive system
skeletal system: how do hydrostatic skeletons function? what are the limitations? what organisms have hydrostatic skeletons?
- body fluids used as an internal hydrostatic skeleton
-muscles contract against coelomic fluid enclosed in a limited space (earthworm)
-septa allow for making smaller compartments and those compartments can then move independently of one another
-examples: Cnidaria, Annelida, Nematodes
skeletal system: what is the difference between an exoskeleton and endoskeleton?
- exoskeleton: skeletal system outside the body ( shell) ( anthropoda)
- do not grow with organism ( ecdysis)
- muscles only contact ( get shorter)
- endoskeleton: skeletal system inside the body ( mammals)
- grow with organism
- store and create extra body components such as blood and cartilage
- provides calcium and phosphorus storage
skeletal system: what are functions of a bony endoskeleton?
-protection of internal organs
-movement
-provides calcium and phosphorous storage (bone)
-blood cells develop in red bone marrow (amniotic vertebrates)
skeletal system: what is the basic structure of cartilage?
-cartilage will form the beginnings of their bony skeleton
- form the articulating surface of bones at joints
* depending on the organism
-chondrocytes in lacuna (pockets).
* hyaline: matrix protein/carbohydrate gel with fibers
* elastic: matrix elastic fibers
* fibrous: Collagen fiber bundles
skeletal system: what is the basic structure of bone?
-cells surrounded by collagen fibers and calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate matrix
-vascular (notice the central canal)
-cells (osteocytes) sit in pockets (lacuna)
-canaliculi connect lacuna
-continuous remodeling and repair
skeletal system: what are osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts?
- osteoblasts: cells that build bone
- osteoclasts: cells that destroy bone
- osteocytes: cells that maintain bone cells and structure
skeletal system: what is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
-compact bone: along the outside and tend to be harder and more dense
- spongy bone: on the ends and inner lining ( less hard and less dense)
* May be in between two layers of compact bone
* Spongy bone provides the space for red bone marrow (blood cell production)
skeletal system: where is adipose tissue stored in the endoskeleton and where are blood cells made?
-medullary cavity: hollow space in the middle of certain bones
* holds yellow marrow (adipose storage)
* also makes and stores red blood cells
skeletal system: what are the two ways that bone develops?
- Endochondral Bone Development: embryonic cartilage
degrade, Bone cells enter the area and make bone - Intramembranous Bone Development: embryonic cells bunch together and become bone making cells
skeletal system: what are the three cranial classifications? how are they different from each other? what organisms are examples of each?
- Anapsid: no openings behind the orbit (turtles)
- Diapsid: two temporal openings ( Birds and reptiles (not turtles))
- Low over cheek
- In roof of skull
- Synapsid: single pair bordered by bony arch (mammals)
skeletal system: How did the jaw evolve?
- function: allow for predation on large or active forms of food
development of jaw
-modifications of first or second of repeated cartilaginous gill arches
-expansion of arch and evolution of new muscles
-jaw musculature is homologous to original gill support musculature
skeletal system: what are the divisions of the vertebrate skeleton?
- function: stiffness and muscle attachment
-5 regions - Cervical (7) –same for all mammals
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacral(fusion of 5)
- Caudal (coccyx - fusion of 3-5)
skeletal system: how to the upper and lower limbs attach to the axial skeleton?
-Pectoral girdle
* the pectoral girdle is more loosely attached to provide forelimbs with greater freedom for manipulation.
- Upper limb
-Pelvic girdle
* Pelvic girdle is firmly attached to the axial skeleton and absorb the greatest locomotory force transmitted by hind limbs (in tetrapods).
- Lower limb
skeletal system: how similar or different is the vertebral column amongst different organisms?
-fishes have single or paired for every vertebra that serve as stiffening rods for improved effectiveness of muscle contractions
-some vertebrates have reduced ribs
-mammalian ribs form a thoracic basket to protect the heart, lungs, and other soft body parts.
skeletal system: what does it mean to be pentadactyl?
- tetrapods, unless they are limbless, have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs (five-toed) that are supported by girdles
muscular system: what are the 3 types of muscle for vertebrae’s?
-skeletal Muscle
-cardiac Muscle
-smooth Muscle
muscular system: Explain the internal structure of skeletal muscle.
-each muscle cell (fiber) is organized into bundles
-the cell membrane is called the sarcolemma
-within each muscle fiber there are many myofibrils (smaller units)
-inside each myofibril there are two types of myofilaments, actin and myosin
-the myofilaments make up the functional unit (sarcomere)
muscular system: what are some invertebrate muscle examples?
- Adductor muscles in molluscs
-Scallop –fast muscle fibers (striated) - Bivalve –adductor muscles (slow and long lasting contractions –smooth muscle)
- Fast flight muscles in insects
- Fibrillar muscles –limited extensibility but oscillating system in the elastic thorax
-Hydrostatic Skeletons - Fluid is held in internal compartments
- As particular sets of muscles contract, the opposing muscles stretch (because volume stays the same)
