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Biology 210-05 > general zoology 210-05 exam 3 > Flashcards

general zoology 210-05 exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

integument: what is integument and what its function?

A
  • outer covering of the body
    • skin and all associated structures
  • functions
    • protection (abrasion, bacteria, sunlight)
    • moisture proofing
    • regulatory functions (temperature and gas exchange
      *sensory information
    • absorption of nutrients
    • coloration
    • secretions
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2
Q

integument: why doesn’t Phylum Porifera have epidermis? what cellular layers does Phylum Porifera have?

A
  • instead of epidermis, their body wall only has two layers of cells (NO TISSUE)
  • Pinacoderm (epiderm)
    • pinacocytes and porocytes
  • choanoderm ( gastroderm)
    • choanocytes
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3
Q

integument: what are unique cells or characteristics that invertebrates have in their integument?

A
  • have a delicate plasma membrane
  • paramecium: pellicle for extra protection
  • most invertebrates have a single layer of epidermis
  • some invertebrate have additional cuticle over the epidermis for additional protection
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4
Q

integument: what is a true exoskeleton? what organisms have an exoskeleton?

A
  • true exoskeleton: firm exoskeleton and jointed appendages with muscle attachments
  • organisms that have exoskeletons are
    1. Subphylum Trilobita ( extinct )
    2. Subphylum Chelicerata
      • Class Merostomata: Horseshoe crab
        -Class Arachnida: Spiders, scorpions, ticks
    3. Subphylum Crustacea
      • Class Decapoda: Crabs, lobsters, shrimp
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5
Q

integument: what cells make the material of the exoskeleton? what layers make up the cuticle?

A
  • Epicuticle: (outer layer ) Protein and lipid
    • Protective and moisture proof layer
      -Procuticle: (inner layer) Protein and chitin
      *Ecdysis –shedding of the cuticle. Necessary to get large
      *Seta: covered in cuticle and epidermal sensory extensions
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6
Q

integument: what are the two different ways that the cuticle can harden?

A

-Calcification
* Calcium carbonate in the outer layers of the procuticle ( lobsters and crabs)
-Sclerotization
* Formation of protein, sclerotin
* Cross linkages between the bonds of the proteins ( insects )

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7
Q

integument: what types of tissue make up the epidermis and dermis of a vertebrate?

A
  • thin outer stratified epithelium (epidermis)
    • rises from ectoderm
  • thick inner (dermis)
    • rises from mesoderm
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8
Q

integument: how is the epidermis of amphibians different from that of reptiles?

A
  • most amphibians lack dermal bones in their skin but have vestiges of dermal scales
    -in reptiles, dermal bones form the armor of crocodilians, the beaded skin of lizards, and the shell of turtles
  • amphibians are different because they lack dermal bones
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9
Q

integument: scales – who has them? where do they originate from? how are they different between the different vertebrates?

A
  • organisms with scales
    • fish, birds ( claws), reptiles, amphibians
  • scales can originate from either the epidermis ( reptiles ) or the dermis ( fish )
  • some vertebrae animals don’t have scales as much as reptiles, fish, and amphibians
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10
Q

integument: what are the general functions or characteristics of feathers?

A

-homologous to a reptiles scales
-epidermal thickening
-non-vascularized, non-nervous
-feather bud forms a hollow cylinder (2 layers of epidermis) and sinks into follicle
* Outer layer –sheath
* Inner layer –shaft and barbs

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11
Q

integument: what are the different types of feathers and what kind of function do each have?

A

-wing: specialized for flight
-tail: steering precision
-contour: steam-lining, protection from elements, coloration
-semi plume: insulation
-down: trap body heat, insulation
-filoplume: perhaps like whiskers, display
-bristle: may protect eyes and face

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12
Q

integument: what epidermal characteristics do mammals have that the other taxa do not?

A
  • no hair on thick skin on palms of hands and soles of feet ( stratum lucidum)
    -less molting
  • whiskers and quills
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13
Q

integument: how are eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands different from one another?

A
  • eccrine sweat glands: thermoregulation, mainly water
  • apocrine sweat glands: chemical signaling, thicker lipid containing secretion
    -sebaceous: release sebum on to hair follicle
    -mammary: secrete milk through nipples (except monotremes who have patches of skin)
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14
Q

integument: what are the differences between horns and antlers?

A
  • True horns: Antelope, sheep, cattle
    *hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis
    *core of bone arising from skull
    *not shed or branched and grow continuously
    *Pronghorn: forked and shed
  • Antlers: Deer family
    *branched and solid bone from dermis when mature
    *develop underneath vascular soft skin (velvet)
    *only males (except caribou)
    *antlers shed after breeding season
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15
Q

skeletal system: what is the function of a skeleton?

A

-provide rigidity
-protection
-facilitate movement
-muscle attachment surfaces
- supportive system

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16
Q

skeletal system: how do hydrostatic skeletons function? what are the limitations? what organisms have hydrostatic skeletons?

A
  • body fluids used as an internal hydrostatic skeleton
    -muscles contract against coelomic fluid enclosed in a limited space (earthworm)
    -septa allow for making smaller compartments and those compartments can then move independently of one another
    -examples: Cnidaria, Annelida, Nematodes
17
Q

skeletal system: what is the difference between an exoskeleton and endoskeleton?

A
  • exoskeleton: skeletal system outside the body ( shell) ( anthropoda)
    • do not grow with organism ( ecdysis)
    • muscles only contact ( get shorter)
  • endoskeleton: skeletal system inside the body ( mammals)
    • grow with organism
    • store and create extra body components such as blood and cartilage
    • provides calcium and phosphorus storage
18
Q

skeletal system: what are functions of a bony endoskeleton?

A

-protection of internal organs
-movement
-provides calcium and phosphorous storage (bone)
-blood cells develop in red bone marrow (amniotic vertebrates)

19
Q

skeletal system: what is the basic structure of cartilage?

A

-cartilage will form the beginnings of their bony skeleton
- form the articulating surface of bones at joints
* depending on the organism
-chondrocytes in lacuna (pockets).
* hyaline: matrix protein/carbohydrate gel with fibers
* elastic: matrix elastic fibers
* fibrous: Collagen fiber bundles

20
Q

skeletal system: what is the basic structure of bone?

A

-cells surrounded by collagen fibers and calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate matrix
-vascular (notice the central canal)
-cells (osteocytes) sit in pockets (lacuna)
-canaliculi connect lacuna
-continuous remodeling and repair

21
Q

skeletal system: what are osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts?

A
  • osteoblasts: cells that build bone
  • osteoclasts: cells that destroy bone
  • osteocytes: cells that maintain bone cells and structure
22
Q

skeletal system: what is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

A

-compact bone: along the outside and tend to be harder and more dense
- spongy bone: on the ends and inner lining ( less hard and less dense)
* May be in between two layers of compact bone
* Spongy bone provides the space for red bone marrow (blood cell production)

23
Q

skeletal system: where is adipose tissue stored in the endoskeleton and where are blood cells made?

A

-medullary cavity: hollow space in the middle of certain bones
* holds yellow marrow (adipose storage)
* also makes and stores red blood cells

24
Q

skeletal system: what are the two ways that bone develops?

A
  • Endochondral Bone Development: embryonic cartilage
    degrade, Bone cells enter the area and make bone
  • Intramembranous Bone Development: embryonic cells bunch together and become bone making cells
25
Q

skeletal system: what are the three cranial classifications? how are they different from each other? what organisms are examples of each?

A
  • Anapsid: no openings behind the orbit (turtles)
  • Diapsid: two temporal openings ( Birds and reptiles (not turtles))
    • Low over cheek
    • In roof of skull
  • Synapsid: single pair bordered by bony arch (mammals)
26
Q

skeletal system: How did the jaw evolve?

A
  • function: allow for predation on large or active forms of food
    development of jaw
    -modifications of first or second of repeated cartilaginous gill arches
    -expansion of arch and evolution of new muscles
    -jaw musculature is homologous to original gill support musculature
27
Q

skeletal system: what are the divisions of the vertebrate skeleton?

A
  • function: stiffness and muscle attachment
    -5 regions
  • Cervical (7) –same for all mammals
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral(fusion of 5)
  • Caudal (coccyx - fusion of 3-5)
28
Q

skeletal system: how to the upper and lower limbs attach to the axial skeleton?

A

-Pectoral girdle
* the pectoral girdle is more loosely attached to provide forelimbs with greater freedom for manipulation.
- Upper limb
-Pelvic girdle
* Pelvic girdle is firmly attached to the axial skeleton and absorb the greatest locomotory force transmitted by hind limbs (in tetrapods).
- Lower limb

29
Q

skeletal system: how similar or different is the vertebral column amongst different organisms?

A

-fishes have single or paired for every vertebra that serve as stiffening rods for improved effectiveness of muscle contractions
-some vertebrates have reduced ribs
-mammalian ribs form a thoracic basket to protect the heart, lungs, and other soft body parts.

30
Q

skeletal system: what does it mean to be pentadactyl?

A
  • tetrapods, unless they are limbless, have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs (five-toed) that are supported by girdles
31
Q

muscular system: what are the 3 types of muscle for vertebrae’s?

A

-skeletal Muscle
-cardiac Muscle
-smooth Muscle

32
Q

muscular system: Explain the internal structure of skeletal muscle.

A

-each muscle cell (fiber) is organized into bundles
-the cell membrane is called the sarcolemma
-within each muscle fiber there are many myofibrils (smaller units)
-inside each myofibril there are two types of myofilaments, actin and myosin
-the myofilaments make up the functional unit (sarcomere)

33
Q

muscular system: what are some invertebrate muscle examples?

A
  • Adductor muscles in molluscs
    -Scallop –fast muscle fibers (striated)
  • Bivalve –adductor muscles (slow and long lasting contractions –smooth muscle)
    • Fast flight muscles in insects
    • Fibrillar muscles –limited extensibility but oscillating system in the elastic thorax
      -Hydrostatic Skeletons
    • Fluid is held in internal compartments
    • As particular sets of muscles contract, the opposing muscles stretch (because volume stays the same)

Biology 210-05 (6 decks)

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