lab practicum 2 Flashcards
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what two characteristics are the traditional synapomorphies of Annelida?
segmentation and setae
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what is segmentation and does segmentation lead to in terms of the organism’s body?
- segmentation: a kind of body design that result from radical change in normal development of an animal
- a unique evolutionary feature
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what are setae?
bundles of filaments made of chitin and protein, usually extends from foot like features
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what is the autapomorphies for Class Polychaeta and the synapomorphies for the other classes?
- class polychaeta: autapomorphy is parapodia ( foot like structures )
- class Oligochaeta and Hirudinea: clitellum and loss of larvae stage
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: ( class Oligochaeta ) what are the clitellum, prostomium, and nephridium used for?
- clitellum: produces cocoon for enclosing eggs
-prostomium: a wedge near the head that allows earthworms to burrow - nephridium: allow for excretion of fluids
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: are these organisms self-fertilizing?
no these organisms are not self-fertilizing
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: how many layers of muscle can you see?
there are 2 layers of muscle
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: What is hirudin and how do leeches use it?
- hirudin is an enzyme that acts like an anti-coagulant, essentially making prey’s blood thin and prevent formation of clots
Lab 12 phylum Annelida: what are the three classes seen in phylum Annelida?
- class Oligochaeta
-class polychaeta - class Hirudinea
Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: what is their outer covering called?
the outer covering is called the exoskeleton
Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: what are the four synapomorphies of all arthropods?
-exoskeleton
-joint limbs
- tagmata
- compound eye
Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: what are the four subphyla in Phylum Arthropoda? what are examples of each?
- subphylum trilobita: trilobite ( extinct since 250 million yr ago)
- subphylum Chelicerata: scorpions and spiders
- subphylum crustacea: crabs
- subphylum uniramia: beetles and centipede
Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: What are the autapomorphies of each Subphylum?
- subphylum trilobita: unique three lobed dorsal surface and now extinct
- subphylum Chelicerata: have chelicera and no mandible ( fang like apparatus )
- subphylum crustacea: distinct larval stage called nauplius
- subphylum uniramia: uniramous ( unbranched legs)
Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: identify the different subphyla – what characteristics do each have?
- subphylum trilobita: extinct, were very large up to 2 ft long
- subphylum Chelicerata: no mandible but have chelicera ( fang like apparatus)
- subphylum crustacea: 2 pairs of antennae and have mandibles
- subphylum uniramia: unbranched appendages
Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: (Subphylum Trilobita ) how long ago were trilobite species living?
250 million years ago
Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: (Subphylum Crustacea ) what class does the crayfish belong to?
class Pycnogonida
Lab 13 Phylum Arthropoda: (Subphylum Uniramia) what is the difference between Class Diplopoda & Class Chilopoda?
- Class Diplopoda: have 2 or more pairs of legs
- Class Chilopoda: single pair of legs
Lab 3 Embryology: what is embryology?
embryology is the study of early development in phases of plants and animals
Lab 3 Embryology: what is the difference between an embryo and a fetus?
- embryo: any stage after the egg becomes fertilized but before the developing organism takes it’s adult form
- fetus: any stage past the embryo stage but before birth or hatching
Lab 3 Embryology: what is the name of the cell that produces an egg?
the name of the cells that produces an egg is called an oocyte
Lab 3 Embryology: which endocrine gland produces a hormone that stimulates an egg to mature?
- the endocrine gland that produces the hormone to stimulate egg maturity is the pituitary gland
- the hormone that stimulates egg maturity is follicle stimulating hormone
Lab 3 Embryology: where does the corpus luteum form and what hormones does it produce?
- the corpus luteum is formed in the ovary
- the hormones it produces is estrogen and progesterone
Lab 3 Embryology: is a follicle the same thing as an oocyte?
no, an oocyte is a premature egg cell and a follicle is a more mature egg that’s bigger and has a spherical mass of cells
Lab 3 Embryology: where are sperm produced?
sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules inside the testes
Lab 3 Embryology: where is sperm stored?
sperm is stored in the epididymis
Lab 3 Embryology: sperm produces an enzyme. What function does that enzyme have? Where in the sperm is that enzyme located?
- the enzyme separates the follicle layer from the egg
- in the acrosome, the head of the sperm
Lab 3 Embryology: if only one sperm is necessary to fertilize the egg, then what function is served by all of the other sperm?
to separate the follicle layer from the egg and increase chances of feralization
Lab 3 Embryology: List the three methods for feeding early embryos by different organisms.
- invertebrates feed fast, pass nutrients through cytoplasm and soon after offspring feed themselves
- some animals such as fish and birds get nutrients from the egg yolk
- humans pass nutrients through the placenta
Lab 3 Embryology: why do more complex animals require more specialized embryonic feeding mechanisms?
more complex animals require more development
Lab 3 Embryology: what are the differences seen in a 21 hour chick embryo in comparison to the 28 hour embryo?
- the 21 hour chick embryo looks like a cell with a wiggly line going through it vertically
- the 28 hour chick embryo has more details to it, more developed spine and development of the beak is seen
Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: what are the echinoderm autapomorphies?
- symmetry of larval stage
- internal calcium skeleton
- water vascular systems
- non- moveable feet
Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: What are characteristics and common names of each of the classes of Phylum Echinodermata?
- class Crinoidea, class Ophiuroidea, class Asteroidea, class enchinoidea, and class Holothuroidea
Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: what is the function of the water-vascular system? ( Class Asteroidea )
- series of tubes and canals that have functions for locomotion and respiration
Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: how to tube feet work? ( Class Asteroidea )
- how sea stars do locomotion
Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: what is the madreporite? ( Class Asteroidea )
-the “ mole “ of the sea star
Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: what is the ambulacral groove ? ( Class Asteroidea )
- the grooves along the inside legs of the sea star
Lab 14 Phylum Echinodermata: how do you tell the difference between this class and class Asteroidea? ( Class Ophiuroidea )
- class Asteroidea looks more thick and solid while Ophiuroidea is more skinnier and looks less solid
Lab 15 skeletons: Name the different types of skeletons and give examples of each.
-hydrostatic skeleton: water surrounding muscles in order to move ( earthworm)
-exoskeleton: a skeleton occurring on the outside of an animal ( lobster)
- endoskeleton: when the skeleton is internal with at least one layer of tissue covering skeleton ( squid)
- cartilaginous skeleton: a skeleton made of mostly of cartilage, maybe with some mall bones ( sharks )
- bony skeleton: an endoskeleton mostly made of bone ( fish and frogs)
Lab 15 skeletons: what makes for a “true skeleton”?
- true skeleton: one that is made of pieces that can be individually moved by attached muscles
Lab 15 skeletons: what are the three examples of “true skeletons”?
- the exoskeleton of arthropods
- the cartilage endoskeleton
- bony skeleton
Lab 15 skeleton: how does the turtle skull differ from the alligator and crocodile skulls?
- the alligator and crocodile skulls are more flat and longer by the mouth, the turtle skull has bigger orbital gaps
