general zoology 210-05 exam 2 Flashcards
reproduction: define diploid and haploid.
- haploid: have 1 set of chromosomes, under meiosis
-diploid: have 2 sets if chromosomes, undergo mitosis,
reproduction: how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have?
-gametes have 1 set of chromosomes ( 23)
reproduction: explain spermatogenesis. where does spermatogenesis take place? what are the results of meiosis?
-spermatogenesis: spermatogonia will undergo
mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes
-made in the testis
-1 spermatocyte →4 spermatids
-primary spermatocyte (Diploid) to 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes (Meiosis I)
-Each secondary spermatocyte to
additional haploid spermatids
(Meiosis II)
reproduction: does temperature impact spermatogenesis?
yes
reproduction: explain oogenesis. Where does oogenesis take place? What are the results of meiosis?
-oogenesis: oogonia will undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes
-made in the ovary
-1 oocyte→1 ovum
-primary oocyte (Diploid) to 2 haploid secondary oocytes (Meiosis I)
-the secondary oocyte will divide again (Meiosis II) into 1 ovum
reproduction: define oviparous
-oviparous: Egg laying –outside of the body, internal or external fertilization
- examples: invertebrates, egg laying
vertebrates
reproduction: define ovoviviparous
-ovoviviparous: fertilized egg will stay in the oviduct
or uterus until hatching, internal fertilization
-examples: invertebrates, fish, reptiles
reproduction: define viviparous
-viviparous: fertilized egg (without a shell)
develops in the oviduct or uterus, direct connection with developing embryo internally, internal fertilization
-examples: lizards, snakes, mammals, some
amphibians
reproduction: what is external fertilization?
external fertilization is when the egg gets fertilized by the sperm cell outside the body
reproduction: what is internal fertilization?
internal fertilization is when the egg gets fertilized by the sperm cell inside the body
reproduction: What is the SRY gene? What are some examples in the animal kingdom of how sex is determined?
-SRY gene: on Y chromosome
(male mammals)
-If not present (or activated) female default, hormone differences
(testosterone), leads to development of testes instead of the ovary
-incubation temperature (reptiles)
reproduction: what is the cloaca? ( female & male)
-cloaca: common chamber for all intestinal,
reproductive, and excretory products
-almost all vertebrates (except most
mammals), urogenital ducts open into a
cloaca
reproduction: seminiferous tubules (male)
-seminiferous tubules: a structure within the testes where sperm is made
-mammals testes descend into the
scrotum
reproduction: epididymis ( male)
-epididymis: where sperm is stored
reproduction: vas deferens (male)
-vas deferens transports sperm to
the urethra and out the penis
reproduction: what are the additional glands providing additional fluid to semen along the way ( male)
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicle
reproduction: urethra ( female & male)
- urethra: organ that secretes urine and other material within
reproduction: ovary
- ovary: source of the ova and sex hormones (estrogen
and progesterone)
reproduction: oviduct
-oviduct: where fertilization takes place (fallopian or uterine
tubes)
reproduction: uterus
-uterus: where the endometrium is, where embryo is resting
reproduction: placenta
- placenta: organ that will connect wall of uterus
to the embryonic membranes
reproduction: endometrium
- endometrium: a blood layer that builds up and sheds if there is no fetus, provides an extra layer of protection when internal fertilzation occurs
reproduction: uterine horn
uterine horn: less developed uterus and more developed uterine
horns for implantation
reproduction: vagina
- vagina: will receive the penis and
serve as the birth canal
development: what is radial cleavage?
radial cleavage: upper cells are on top of lower
cells
development: what is spiral cleavage?
spiral cleavage: upper cells are packed in between
the lower cells
development: what is blastulation? what is the blastocoel?
- blastula: cleavage continues until the blastula stage (cluster of cells)
- blastocoel: forms a layer around a fluid filled cavity
development: what is gastrulation? how is this related to the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers?
- gastrulation: blastula into a 2-3 germ layer embryo
- germ layers ( diploblastic) is created during gastrulation
development: how does being diploblastic versus triploblastic play a role in the formation of the coelom?
-diploblastic: has 2 germ layers, endoderm and ectoderm, cavity is an upside down U
-triploblastic: has 3 germ layers, endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm, can form the coelom (empty cavity surrounded by
mesoderm)
development: what is the difference between schizocoely and enterocoely origins of the coelom?
-schizocoely: forms by splitting mesoderm
-enterocoely: forms by out-pocketing of mesoderm from
endoderm
development: acoelomate, examples?
-example: flatworm
-body covering ( ectoderm)
- tissue filled cavity ( mesoderm)
-digestive tract ( endoderm)
development: coelomate, examples?
- example: annelid
-body covering ( endoderm) - tissue filled cavity ( mesoderm)
-digestive tract ( ectoderm)
-coelom
development: pseudocoelomate, examples?
- example: nematode
-body covering ( endoderm) - tissue filled cavity ( mesoderm)
-digestive tract ( endoderm)
-pseudocoelom
development: what characteristics are used to distinguish protostomes and deuterostomes?
-protostomes: blastopore becomes mouth
-deuterostomes: blastopore becomes anus (deuterostomes only include coelomates)
development: what are the 4 extraembryonic membranes and what are their functions in amniotes?
-amnion: membrane that forms the fluid filled cavity
-chorion: under the shell, encloses all the membranes
-allantois: storage of metabolic waste during development, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- yolk sac: stores yolk to provide nutrients to embryo
development: monotremes and examples
-monotremes: mammals that lay large yolky eggs
resembling bird eggs
-examples: duck-billed platypus and spiny
anteaters (echidnas)
development: marsupials and examples
- marsupials: embryos born at an early stage of development and continue development in abdominal pouch of mother where the mammary glands are
-examples: opossums and kangaroos
development: placental mammals and examples
-placental mammals: evolution of the placenta for embryo nourishment required reconstruction of extraembryonic membranes, oviduct modification that formed the expanded region formed a uterus
development: ectoderm give rise to the various organ systems of the body?
- outer epithelium of body and derivatives ( hair, nails, epithelial glands, lining of mouth, enamel of teeth, lens of eye, inner ear, and olfactory epithelium )
- neural tube ( brain, spinal cord, motor nerves
-neural crest ( sensory and ganglia, skull, gill arches, adrenal medulla, dentine of teeth)
development: mesoderm give rise to the various organ systems of the body?
-notochord
-lining of thoracic and abdominal cavities
- circulatory system (blood, bone marrow, endothelium of blood vessels, lymphatics )
- somites ( skeletal muscles, bone and cartilage of skeleton ( except skull), dermis, connective tissue)
- urogenital systems (ureter, kidney, gonads, reproductive ducts)
- smooth muscles and connective issues of digestive tracts
development: endoderm give rise to the various organ systems of the body?
- epithelium of respiratory tract
-pharynx
-epithelium of gut
-liver and pancreas
-inner lining of uterine bladder
tissues: what are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- prokaryotic: before or no nucleus
- eukaryotic: after or present nucleus
tissues: what is the difference between the plasma membrane and a cell wall? What kinds of cells have each?
- plasma membrane: selectively permeable barrier
- cell wall: Only plants have cell walls and extra structural barrier
tissues: name the organelles we covered in class. what is the function of each of them?
- mitochondria: Conversion of energy in molecules into a chemical energy that can be used by the cell (ATP) ( plants and animals )
- chloroplasts: photosynthesis-Convert light energy into sugars( plants and algae)
tissues: what organelles generate energy for animal cells and plant cells?
mitochondria
tissues: what organisms are considered the cellular level of organization?
- protoplasmic: unicellular groups
- cellular: Metazoans –multicellular, combine cells into larger groups for specific tasks (phylum Porifera: Choanocytes and Amoebocytes)
- tissue-level: cells groups in specific patterns/layers for common function and as a coordinated unit
- organ level: Tissues into larger functional units (organs), organs composed of different types of tissues
- Parenchyma –functional cells
- Stroma –supportive tissue
- system level: several organs work together for a common function
tissues: how does the concept of tissues connect with the previous topic of Development?
tissues are generated from the embryonic germ layers
tissues: what are some of the extracellular components in animal bodies?
- body fluids
- blood plasma: fluid in blood
- interstitial fluid: fluid in between cells
-extracellular structural elements - cartilage, bone, other connective
tissues
tissues: what are the four main tissue types?
-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous
tissues: what is the function of epithelial tissue?
-first line of protection from wear and tear.
-controls permeability
-capable of secretion or release of mucous
tissues: what are the different types of epithelial tissue?
- simple squamous epithelium
-simple cuboidal epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium
-stratified squamous epithelium
tissues: where would you find each of these tissues?
- simple squamous epithelium
-simple cuboidal epithelium
-simple columnar epithelium
-stratified squamous epithelium
- simple squamous epithelium: lines vessels, lungs, and cavities
-simple cuboidal epithelium: lines ducts (of glands) and tubules (kidney)
-simple columnar epithelium: lining of digestive system, gallbladder, uterine tubes
-stratified squamous epithelium: skin, lining of esophagus, anus, vagina
tissues: how is their structure similar and/or different?
-squamous
* flat
-cuboidal
* cubes
-columnar
* longer than wide, column-like
tissues: how does the structure of the epithelial tissue connect with its function?
- simple squamous epithelium: allows for easy diffusion of small molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
-simple cuboidal epithelium: secretion and absorption of molecules
-simple columnar epithelium: secretion and absorption of molecules
-stratified squamous epithelium: skin cells have keratin in them –a protein, these cells will die and protect lower layers
tissues: what is the function of connective tissue?
-structural framework
-support and connect other tissues
-protection of organs
-stores surplus energy
-transport of fluids, nutrients, blood
-defense
tissues: what are the different types of connective tissue?
- loose connective tissue
- dense connective tissue
- cartilage
-bone
-blood
-lymph
-adipose
tissues: where would you find each
of these tissues?
- loose connective tissue
- dense connective tissue
- cartilage
- loose connective tissue: anchors blood vessels and nerves
- dense connective tissue: forms tendons and ligaments
- cartilage: makes up our nose and ear
tissues: what are the different types of muscle tissue?
-skeletal muscle
-cardiac muscle
-smooth muscle
tissues: what is the function of nervous tissue? what kinds of cells make up nervous tissue?
- function: receive stimuli and conduct of impulses
- types of cells
- Neurons (nerves)
1. Cells that transmit the impulses - Neuroglia (Glial cells)
1. Supporting neurons
parasitology: What is symbiosis?
-symbiosis: a close and prolonged relationship
between two organisms of
different species
parasitology: what are different examples of symbiosis? how are they different from each other?
- mutualism: +/+
-parasitism: +/-
-commensalism: +/0
parasitology: what characteristics makes an organism a parasite?
-lives in or on another organism (host)
-obtains all or part of it’s nutrient from that host
-usually has adaptive physical characteristics to allow it to live off that host
parasitology: what is a macroparasite and a microparasite? provide examples of each.
-complete life cycle outside or on host species
-do not multiply in their host
-longer generational times
- examples: large species
* arthropods
* worms
-Multiply (not necessarily reproduce) in their host
-short generational times compared to host
-tiny
-examples: smaller species (TINY)
* Protists
* Bacteria
parasitology: what is the difference between an endoparasite and an ectoparasite? provide examples of each.
- Ectoparasites: live on the outer body surface of the host
- Endoparasites: live inside cells, tissues, or the alimentary canal of the host.
parasitology: what are advantages and disadvantages of being an ectoparasite?
- ectoparasites: live on the outer body surface of the host
Advantages - safe from host immune system
-ease of dispersal
Disadvantages
-vulnerability to natural enemies
-exposure to external environment
-feeding more difficult
parasitology: what are advantages and disadvantages of being an endoparasite?
-endoparasite: live inside cells, tissues, or the alimentary canal of the host
Advantages
-ease of feeding
-protected from external environment
-safe from natural enemies
Disadvantages
-vulnerable to host immune system
-dispersal more difficult
parasitology: what are the different types of parasites we covered in class? provide different examples of each.
-true parasites: all nutrition from host and normally don’t kill it
-parasitoids: Insects whose larvae feed on a single host and almost always kill host
* Ovipositing in ant
-hemiparasitic organisms: can get nutrients parasitically and non-parasitically
* Seen in plants
-enslaver parasites: The parasite can alter host behavior and promotes reproduction of the parasite
* Cordyceps fungi
* Toxoplasma gondii –rats develop affinity to cat urine
parasitology: what are the examples of parasites we covered in Kingdom Protista? what kinds of diseases or symptoms do they cause?
-Kingdom Protista –Microscopic eukaryotes
*Plasmodium –causes malaria
1.mosquito is the vector
2. impacts blood cells, spleen, blood
vessels
*Entamoeba –causes amoebic dysentery
1.ingested in infected food or water
2. kills approx. 55,000 people a year
3.colonize in the large intestine and cause tissue
destruction
*Trypanosoma –African sleeping sickness
* Chagas disease in the Americas
parasitology: what are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Platyhelminthes? what kinds of adaptations do these organisms have to be effective parasites? what kinds of organisms are used as hosts or intermediates?
-Phylum Platyhelminthes –Flatworms
* Class Cestoda (tapeworms)
1. Adults live in vertebrate digestive tracts
2. 1-2 intermediate steps for larval development
3. scolex –head with hooks
4. body sections full of fertilized eggs and released
5. absorb nutrients through body wall
* Class Trematoda (flukes)
1. internal parasites of mollusks and vertebrates
2. mollusk is usually and intermediate
3. suck blood with muscular sucker
4. blood flukes, liver flukes
parasitology: what are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Nematoda? How do these organisms come into contact with humans?
-Phylum Nematoda –Roundworms
1. impacts nearly all vertebrates
* Ascaris
1. eggs ingested, “tour” the body, then back to intestines
* Necator americanus –hookworm
1. feeds on blood from intestinal lining
2. enters through skin contact with soil
*Enterobius vermicularis—pinworm
1. inhaling or ingesting eggs
2. more common in children
* Trichinella spiralis –whipworm
1. transmitted to humans via uncooked pork with encysted juvenile worms
2. other animals can ingest eggs from soil
3. travel in blood and lymph vessels through body and burrow in muscles
parasitology: what are the examples of parasites we covered in Phylum Arthropoda? what kinds of adaptations do these organisms have to be effective parasites?
-Phylum Arthropoda –Animals with Exoskeletons
*Aphids
1. feed on the sap of plants
*Ticks and Lice
1. both have adaptations (hook/claw) on legs to grip
*Botflies
1. larvae have a ring of rear-facing spines to
prevent extraction.
*Cymothoa –crustacean (tongue eating louse)
1. multiple species
* Cymothoa exigua
1. enters through the gills
2. severs the tongues blood vessels and
attached to become the new tongue
parasitology: what examples of parasites did we cover from Phylum Chordata? what kinds of organisms are the hosts?
-Phylum Chordata –Animals with spinal cords
*Lamprey (Class Agnatha)
1. parasitic fish
2. attaches to passing fish and feeds on blood
3. specialized mouth parts
*Candiru (Class Osteichthyes)
1. type of catfish with tiny barbs
2. attaches to fish gills
3. known to follow urea trails in water and swim up urethras of humans
parasitology: why do hosts and parasites co-evolve?
