Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood:

A
  • Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic wastes
  • Regulates pH of interstitial fluid
  • Restrict fluid loss at injury sites
  • Defense against toxins and pathogens
  • Helps body regulate temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is plasma?

A

Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood.

90% water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A 
Ions
nutrients
wastes
oxygen
hormones
vitamins
proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of proteins found in plasma:

A

Albumin (60%)
Globulin (30%)
Fibrinogen (5%)
Regulatory proteins (

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is plasma different from interstitial fluid?

A

It contains proteins and different levels of gases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

The percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes, averages 45%

(Males: 47%, Females: 42%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Process by which blood cells are formed. 100 billion new blood cells formed each day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The 2 main stem cells that originate from the blood stem cell:

A

Lymphoid stem cells

Myeloid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many red blood cells do we have per mm^3?

A

4-6 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the structure of RBC related to the function?

A

Their biconcave shape provides 30% more surface area than spherical cells of the same volume, allowing rapid diffusion of oxygen into and out of erythrocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long do red cells circulate for?

A

100-120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which organs remove old blood cells?

A

Mainly the spleen, also the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The 5 types of white blood cells:

A

Granulocytes:

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

Agranulocytes:

  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neutrophil function:

A

Destroy bacteria by phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eosinophil function:

A

Turn off allergic responses and kill parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Basophil function:

A

Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lymphocyte function:

A

Mount immune response by direct cell attack (T cells) or via antibodies (B cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monocyte function:

A

Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are white blood cells formed?

A

In the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Platelets:

A

Not cells.

Disc-shaped, plasma membrane- enclosed fragments of cytoplasm that form by breaking off of larger cells called megakaryocytes.

Megakaryocytes are precursor of platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

A specialized type of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is the heart considered a double pump?

A

It has two sides that pump. The right side of the heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit. The left side of the heart pumps blood to all the body tissues via the systemic circuit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The 3 layers of the pericardium:

A
  • Fibrous pericardium (dense C.T.)

- Serous pericardium: parietal layer and viscera layer (both C.T.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of pericardial fluid:

A

Reduce friction between the beating heart and the outer wall of the pericardial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Layers of the heart wall:

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The 4 chambers of the heart:

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Function of right atrium:

A

Receives blood from systemic circuit via superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Function of right ventricle:

A

Receives blood from right atrium thru the tricuspid valve. Pumps blood into pulmonary circuit via pulmonary trunk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Function of left atrium:

A

Receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs thru pulmonary veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Function of left ventricle:

A

Pumps blood thru systemic circuit via aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why are atrial walls thin?

A

The blood is pumped down to the ventricles, which are larger pumping chambers which must propel blood out of the heart so they contain more muscle tissue than the atria do.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall? Why?

A

The left ventricle has thicker walls then the right, because it needs to pump blood to most of the body, while the right ventricle fills only the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name the three major veins opening into the right atrium:

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Name the two major arteries leaving the heart from the ventricles:

A
  • Pulmonary trunk

- Aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Trace blood thru all heart chambers and heart valves:

A

Blood coming from the body regions superior to the diaphragm (not including heart wall) enters the R atrium via the SVC; blood returning from the body regions inferior to the diaphragm enters the IVC; and blood draining from the heart wall itself is collected by and enters the R atrium thru the coronary sinus. The blood passes from the atrium thru the tricuspid valve to the R ventricle, propelled by gravity and the contraction of the R atrium. Then, the R ventricle contracts, propelling the blood thru the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and to the lungs thru the pulmonary circuit for oxygenation. The freshly oxygenated blood returns via the 4 pulmonary veins to the L atrium and passes thru the mitral valve to the L ventricle, propelled by gravity and the contraction of the L atrium. The L ventricle then contracts and propels the blood thru the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and its branches. After delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues thru the systemic capillaries, the oxygen poor blood returns thru the systemic veins to the R atrium- and the whole cycle repeats continuously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Structure and location of semilunar valves:

A

Each has 3 pocket-like cusps shaped roughly like crescent moons. Located at the junction of the ventricles and the great arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do semilunar valves work to prevent the back flow of blood in the heart?

A

When the ventricles contract and raise the intraventricular pressure, the semilunar valves are forced open, and their cusps are flattened against the arterial walls as the blood rushes past them. When the ventricles relax, blood that tends to flow back toward the heart fills the cusps of the semilunar valve and forces them shut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Structure and location of atrioventricular valves:

A

Located at the junctions of the atria and their respective ventricles are the atrioventricular valves: the R atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve, which has 3 cusps, and the L atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve, which has only 2 cusps (also called mitral valve).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How do atrioventricular valves prevent the back flow of blood into the heart?

A

When the ventricles start to contract, the pressure within them rises and forces the blood superiorly against the valve cusps pushing the edges of the cusps together and closing the AV valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pectinate muscles:

A

A smooth-walled posterior part and an anterior part lined by horizontal ridges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Chordae tendineae:

A

Thin strong bands (the heart strings); project superiorly from the papillary muscles to the flaps (cusps) of the tricuspid (R atrioventricular) valve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Papillary muscles:

A

Come-shaped; project from the walls into the ventricular cavity.

44
Q

Cardiac skeleton:

A

Lies in the plane between the atria and the ventricles and surrounds 4 heart valves, like handcuffs.

45
Q

Functions of cardiac skeleton:

A
  • Anchors valve cusps
  • Prevents overdilation of valve openings as blood pulses thru them
  • Point of attachment for bundles of cardiac muscle in the atria and ventricles
  • Blocks the direct spread of electrical impulses from atria to the ventricles. This critical for proper coordination of atrial and ventricular contractions
46
Q

Systole:

A

Contraction of a heart chamber

47
Q

Diastole:

A

The time during which a heart chamber is relaxing and filling with blood.

48
Q

Conducting system:

A

A series of specialized cardiac muscle cells that carries impulses throughout the heart musculature, signaling the heart chambers to contract in the proper sequence. Also initiates each contraction sequence, thereby setting basic heart rate.

49
Q

Components of the conducting system:

A
  • Sinoatria (SA) node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
  • AV bundle
  • Bundle branches
  • Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
50
Q

Function of Sinoatria (SA) node:

A

Sets basic heart rate by generating 70-80 electrical impulses per minute.

51
Q

Function of atrioventricular (AV) node:

A

Conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to ventricles.

52
Q

Function of AV bundle:

A

Transmits impulses from the AV node, located at inferior end of interatrial septum, to ventricles of the heart.

53
Q

Function of bundle branches:

A

Right bundle carries nerve impulses that cause R ventricle to contract; left bundle carries the nerves that contract the L ventricle.

54
Q

Function of Purkinje fibers:

A

Carry the contraction impulse from both the left and right bundle branch to the myocardium of the ventricles.

55
Q

Influence of parasympathetic system on heart rate:

A

Decrease heart rate

56
Q

Influence of sympathetic system on heart rate:

A

Increases heart rate and strength of contraction

57
Q

Name the 3 layers (or tunics) of blood vessels:

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

58
Q

Composition of tunica intima:

A

Simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue (areolar)

59
Q

Composition of tunica media:

A

Sheets of smooth muscle in loose connective tissue that anchors the media to the intima and the externa.

60
Q

Composition of tunica externa:

A

Connective tissue. Vasa vasorum.

61
Q

How is the wall of an artery different from the wall of a vein?

A 
The artery has:
-A thicker wall
-A thicker tunica media 
-A narrower lumen 
-Thickened elastic membrane (not present in the vein)
The vein has:
-A thicker tunica externa 
-A wider lumen and valves
62
Q

What is the function of a valve (in which vessels do we have valves)?

A

Blood pressure in veins is low, so most contain valves to prevent pooling

63
Q

How is a capillary structurally different from an arteriole?

A

Capillaries are smaller in diameter (8-10ūm) and are composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane.

Arterioles’ diameters range from 0.3mm-10ūm. Larger arterioles contain all 3 tunics; tunica media is thin (contains only 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle cells).

64
Q

General structure of a capillary:

A

A single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane.

65
Q

Name the 4 routes of capillary permeability:

A
  • Direct diffusion thru endothelial cell membranes
  • Thru intercellular clefts
  • Thru pinocytotic (cytoplasmic) vesicles
  • Thru fenestrations
66
Q

Structure of continuous capillaries:

A

Tight junctions and occasional desmosomes the capillary endothelial cells together. There are gaps in unjoined membrane called intercellular clefts. External to the endothelial cells, the capillary is strengthened and stabilized by scattered pericytes (spider-shaped cells).

67
Q

Function of continuous capillaries:

A

Tight junctions of epithelium make them highly permeable to anything but the smallest molecules.

68
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found in the human body?

A

Most common type of capillary.

Occurs in most organs of the body such as skeletal muscles, skin, and central nervous system.

69
Q

Structure of fenestrated capillaries:

A

Endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions and contain intercellular clefts. Also have pores spanning the epithelial cells.

70
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found in the human body?

A

Small intestine, kidney, endocrine glands, and synovial membrane of joints.

71
Q

Structure of sinusoids:

A

Wide, leaky capillaries. Fenestrated, and their endothelial cells have fewer cell junctions than other capillaries.

72
Q

Where are sinusoids found in the human body?

A

Bone marrow and spleen

73
Q

Function of sinusoids:

A

Large diameter and twisted course ensure that blood slows when flowing thru these vessels, allowing time for exchanges that happen along their walls.

74
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Right and left common iliac arteries

75
Q

At what vertebral level does the branching occur?

A

L4 of the lumbar vertebrae

76
Q

What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

77
Q

What regions of the body are supplied by the 3 branches of the aortic arch?

A

The head and neck, upper limbs, and the superior part of the thoracic wall.

78
Q

Name the 3 branches of the celiac trunk:

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

79
Q

Which body region does the SVC receive venous blood from?

A

All body regions superior to the diaphragm excluding the heart wall

80
Q

Which body regions does the IVC receive venous blood from?

A

All body regions inferior to the diaphragm

81
Q

The 2 specific veins that form the SVC:

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

82
Q

The 2 specific veins that form the IVC and at which level:

A

2 common iliac veins on the body of vertebrae L5

83
Q

Name the 3 tributaries to the hepatic portal vein:

A

Superior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein

84
Q

What is the functional significance of having an hepatic portal system?

A

It picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers these nutrients to the liver for processing and storage.

85
Q

Lymph:

A

The fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system

86
Q

Lymphatic system:

A

A network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials

87
Q

Main functions of lymphatic system:

A

Responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues.

Absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from digestive system.

Transports white blood cells to and from lymph nodes into bones.

88
Q

Lymphatic tissue:

A

A specialized form of reticular C.T. in the lymphatic system that contains large numbers of lymphocytes

89
Q

Lymphatic organs:

A

Primary lymphoid organs

Secondary lymphoid organs

90
Q

Primary lymphoid organs:

A

Bone marrow and thymus

91
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs:

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • The collections of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that forms the tonsils
  • Aggregated lymphoid nodules in the intestine
  • Appendix
92
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

Process where a cell forms cytoplasmic extensions to engulf foreign particles, cells, or macromolecules and then uses lysosomes to digest these substances.

93
Q

Macrophages:

A

General phagocytic cells of the body, capable of engulfing and digesting a wide variety of foreign cells, particles, and molecules; present throughout the connective tissues of the body and especially abundant in lymphoid tissues of the immune system.

94
Q

Contrasts of the structure of the wall of arteries and veins:

A
  • The lumens of the veins are larger than arteries of the same size.
  • Veins have less elastic in their walls than arteries.
95
Q

Comparisons of the structure of the wall of arteries and veins:

A
  • Both consist of 3 layers (tunics)

- Both have thin outer layers (tunica externa)

96
Q

Hepatic veins:

A

Collect blood from liver and return it to the IVC

97
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein:

A

Drains distal part of the colon

98
Q

Splenic vein:

A

Drains the spleen, pancreas, and stomach

99
Q

Superior mesenteric vein:

A

Drains blood from small intestines, proximal part of colon, pancreas, and stomach.

100
Q

B cells:

A

Fight infectious microorganisms in the areolar and lymphoid CT by producing antibody-secreting plasma cells.

B cells and antibodies are best at destroying bacteria products.

101
Q

Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells:

A

Fight infectious microorganisms in the areolar and lymphoid CT by directly killing antigen-bearing cells.

Best at destroying eukaryotic cells that express surface antigens, such as virus-infected cells and grafted and tumor cells.

102
Q

Helper (CD4+) T cells:

A

Stimulate the cells of the immune system by secreting chemicals called cytokines.

103
Q

Cytokines:

A

Stimulate the proliferation of activated B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages and amplify and fine-tune the immune response.

104
Q

Immune response:

A

If immune cells (dendritic cells) decide that a material (virus/bacteria) is dangerous, they stimulate white blood cells that cause Helper T cells to become activated. Helper T cells stimulate the cells to make antibodies that bind and immobilize the specific antigen, which prevents infection. Once activated, memory cells are produced that ensure a faster and stronger immune response that can be made upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

105
Q

How do vaccinations protect us?

A

They provide lasting protection against disease.

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions