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Human Anatomy > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

The 12 Cranial nerves:

A 
I. Olfactory nerve 
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve 
IV. Trochlear nerve 
V. Trigeminal nerve 
VI. Abducens 
VII. Facial nerve 
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve 
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve 
X. Vagus nerve 
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
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2
Q

I. Olfactory nerve:

A

Sensory for olfaction

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3
Q

II. Optic nerve:

A

Sensory for vision

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4
Q

III. Oculomotor nerve:

A
  • Motor
  • Innervates muscle for eyeball movement
  • Parasympathetic: innervation of iris and ciliary muscles in eye
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5
Q

IV. Trochlear nerve:

A
  • Motor

- Innervates muscle for eyeball movement

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6
Q

V. Trigeminal nerve:

A
  • Both
  • Sensory: detection of skin in face
  • Motor: innervation of chewing muscles
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7
Q

VI. Abducens:

A
  • Motor

- Innervates muscle for eyeball movement

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8
Q

VII. Facial nerve:

A
  • Both
  • Motor: innervation of facial muscles
  • Sensory: taste detection on anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Parasympathetic: innervation of sublingual, lacrimal, and submandibular glands
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9
Q

VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve:

A
  • Sensory

- Hearing and balance

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10
Q

IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve:

A
  • Both
  • Sensory: taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Motor: innervation of pharyngeal muscle
  • Parasympathetic: innervation of the parotid
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11
Q

X. Vagus nerve:

A
  • Both
  • 90% parasympathetic innervation of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
  • Motor: innervation of laryngeal muscle
  • Sensory: taste detection in pharynx
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12
Q

XI: Accessory nerve:

A
  • Motor

- Innervation of Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

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13
Q

XII. Hypoglossal nerve:

A
  • Motor

- Innervation of extrinsic muscles in the tongue

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14
Q

Comparisons of oogenesis and spermatogenesis:

A
  • Both influenced by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
  • Both occur thru meiosis and obtain 23 chromosomes.
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15
Q

Contrasts of oogenesis and spermatogenesis:

A

Spermatogenesis:

  • Takes approximately 75 days to complete
  • Sperm are produced at the end of spermatogenesis (4sperms)

Oogenesis:

  • Takes many years to complete
  • 1 Ova is produced at the end of oogenesis
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16
Q

Functions of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF):

A
  • Protection (bone, meninges and spinal fluid all protect the CNS)
  • Provides buoyancy for CNS

-Filtrate for blood (includes O2 and nutrients)
Helps to nourish neurons and remove waste

17
Q

Production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF):

A

In the ventricles by choroid plexues.

  • Choroid plexues: a fenestrated capillary and ependymal cells.
  • Ependymal cells: glial cells that monitor composition of CSF.
18
Q

Circulation of CSF:

A

Lateral ventricles> Interventricular foramina> 3rd ventricle> Cerebral aqueduct> 4th ventricle> Central canal of spinal cord

  • cilia of ependymal cells
  • pulsating of superficial arteries
  • head movement
19
Q

Reabsorption of CSF:

A

At arachnoid vili; extensions of arachnoid mater into the dural sinuses.

20
Q

Function of neurons:

A

Highly specialized cells that conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another.

-3 main parts of neuron: dendrites, cell body, and axon

21
Q

Function of dendrites:

A

Processes that branch from the cell body.

Function as receptive sites, providing a large surface area for receiving signals from other neurons.

22
Q

Function of cell body: (soma)

A

Consists of a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm; contains dark nucleolus bear center.

Focal point for outgrowth of neuron processes during embryonic development. Plasma membrane of cell body acts as a receptive surface that receives signals from other neurons

23
Q

Function of axons:

A

A neuron has only 1. Thin processes.

Impulse generators and conductors that transmit nerve impulses away from their cell body.

24
Q

Glial cells in the CNS:

A

Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

25
Q

Glial cells in PNS:

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

26
Q

Functions of Astrocytes:

A

(1) Regulating neurotransmitter levels by increasing rate of neurotransmitter uptake in regions of high neuronal activity.
(2) Signaling increased blood flow through capillaries in active regions of the brain.
(3) Controlling ionic environment around neurons.

Also helps synapses form in developing neural tissue, produce molecules necessary for neural growth, and propagate calcium signals that may be involved w/memory.

27
Q

Function of Microglial cells:

A

They are phagocytes, the macrophages of the CNS

28
Q

Function of Ependymal cells:

A

Provide a fairly permeable layer between the CSF that fills the central canal and the tissue fluid that bathes cells of the CNS.

Also bear cilia that help circulate the CSF

29
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes:

A

They line up in small groups and wrap their cell processes around the thicker axons in the CNS, producing insulated coverings called myelin sheaths.

30
Q

Function of Satellite cells:

A

Surround neuron cell bodies w/in ganglia.

31
Q

Function of Schwann cells:

A

Surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons.

32
Q

Comparisons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

A
  • The preganglionic axon terminals of both divisions are always cholinergic (release ACh)
  • Both innervate various organs
33
Q

Contrast of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions:

A

Sympathetic:

  • Ganglia is close to CNS
  • Short preganglionic axons, and long postganglionic axons
  • Increases rate and force of heartbeat

Parasympathetic:

  • Ganglia is close to visceral organs served
  • Long preganglionic axons, and short postganglionic axons
  • Decreases rate; slows and steadies heart
34
Q

Function of a Synapse:

A

The site at which neurons communicate. Most synapses in the nervous system transmit info through chemical messengers.

They Determine the direction of information flow through nervous system.

Human Anatomy (12 decks)

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