Final exam

Question 1

The 12 Cranial nerves:

Answer 1

I. Olfactory nerve 
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve 
IV. Trochlear nerve 
V. Trigeminal nerve 
VI. Abducens 
VII. Facial nerve 
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve 
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve 
X. Vagus nerve 
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve

Question 2

I. Olfactory nerve:

Answer 2

Sensory for olfaction

Question 3

II. Optic nerve:

Answer 3

Sensory for vision

Question 4

III. Oculomotor nerve:

Answer 4

• Motor
• Innervates muscle for eyeball movement
• Parasympathetic: innervation of iris and ciliary muscles in eye

Question 5

IV. Trochlear nerve:

Answer 5

• Motor

- Innervates muscle for eyeball movement

Question 6

V. Trigeminal nerve:

Answer 6

• Both
• Sensory: detection of skin in face
• Motor: innervation of chewing muscles

Question 7

VI. Abducens:

Answer 7

• Motor

- Innervates muscle for eyeball movement

Question 8

VII. Facial nerve:

Answer 8

• Both
• Motor: innervation of facial muscles
• Sensory: taste detection on anterior 2/3 of tongue
• Parasympathetic: innervation of sublingual, lacrimal, and submandibular glands

Question 9

VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve:

Answer 9

• Sensory

- Hearing and balance

Question 10

IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve:

Answer 10

• Both
• Sensory: taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue
• Motor: innervation of pharyngeal muscle
• Parasympathetic: innervation of the parotid

Question 11

X. Vagus nerve:

Answer 11

• Both
• 90% parasympathetic innervation of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
• Motor: innervation of laryngeal muscle
• Sensory: taste detection in pharynx

Question 12

XI: Accessory nerve:

Answer 12

• Motor

- Innervation of Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 13

XII. Hypoglossal nerve:

Answer 13

• Motor

- Innervation of extrinsic muscles in the tongue

Question 14

Comparisons of oogenesis and spermatogenesis:

Answer 14

• Both influenced by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
• Both occur thru meiosis and obtain 23 chromosomes.

Question 15

Contrasts of oogenesis and spermatogenesis:

Answer 15

Spermatogenesis:

• Takes approximately 75 days to complete
• Sperm are produced at the end of spermatogenesis (4sperms)

Oogenesis:

• Takes many years to complete
• 1 Ova is produced at the end of oogenesis

Question 16

Functions of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF):

Answer 16

• Protection (bone, meninges and spinal fluid all protect the CNS)
• Provides buoyancy for CNS

-Filtrate for blood (includes O2 and nutrients)
Helps to nourish neurons and remove waste

Question 17

Production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF):

Answer 17

In the ventricles by choroid plexues.

• Choroid plexues: a fenestrated capillary and ependymal cells.
• Ependymal cells: glial cells that monitor composition of CSF.

Question 18

Circulation of CSF:

Answer 18

Lateral ventricles> Interventricular foramina> 3rd ventricle> Cerebral aqueduct> 4th ventricle> Central canal of spinal cord

• cilia of ependymal cells
• pulsating of superficial arteries
• head movement

Question 19

Reabsorption of CSF:

Answer 19

At arachnoid vili; extensions of arachnoid mater into the dural sinuses.

Question 20

Function of neurons:

Answer 20

Highly specialized cells that conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another.

-3 main parts of neuron: dendrites, cell body, and axon

Question 21

Function of dendrites:

Answer 21

Processes that branch from the cell body.

Function as receptive sites, providing a large surface area for receiving signals from other neurons.

Question 22

Function of cell body: (soma)

Answer 22

Consists of a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm; contains dark nucleolus bear center.

Focal point for outgrowth of neuron processes during embryonic development. Plasma membrane of cell body acts as a receptive surface that receives signals from other neurons

Question 23

Function of axons:

Answer 23

A neuron has only 1. Thin processes.

Impulse generators and conductors that transmit nerve impulses away from their cell body.

Question 24

Glial cells in the CNS:

Answer 24

Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes

Question 25

Glial cells in PNS:

Answer 25

Satellite cells | Schwann cells

Question 26

Functions of Astrocytes:

Answer 26

(1) Regulating neurotransmitter levels by increasing rate of neurotransmitter uptake in regions of high neuronal activity. (2) Signaling increased blood flow through capillaries in active regions of the brain. (3) Controlling ionic environment around neurons. Also helps synapses form in developing neural tissue, produce molecules necessary for neural growth, and propagate calcium signals that may be involved w/memory.

Question 27

Function of Microglial cells:

Answer 27

They are phagocytes, the macrophages of the CNS

Question 28

Function of Ependymal cells:

Answer 28

Provide a fairly permeable layer between the CSF that fills the central canal and the tissue fluid that bathes cells of the CNS. Also bear cilia that help circulate the CSF

Question 29

Function of Oligodendrocytes:

Answer 29

They line up in small groups and wrap their cell processes around the thicker axons in the CNS, producing insulated coverings called myelin sheaths.

Question 30

Function of Satellite cells:

Answer 30

Surround neuron cell bodies w/in ganglia.

Question 31

Function of Schwann cells:

Answer 31

Surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons.

Question 32

Comparisons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions:

Answer 32

* The preganglionic axon terminals of both divisions are always cholinergic (release ACh) * Both innervate various organs

Question 33

Contrast of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions:

Answer 33

Sympathetic: - Ganglia is close to CNS - Short preganglionic axons, and long postganglionic axons - Increases rate and force of heartbeat Parasympathetic: - Ganglia is close to visceral organs served - Long preganglionic axons, and short postganglionic axons - Decreases rate; slows and steadies heart

Question 34

Function of a Synapse:

Answer 34

The site at which neurons communicate. Most synapses in the nervous system transmit info through chemical messengers. They Determine the direction of information flow through nervous system.