lecture exam 3 Flashcards by britt rank

mid-to-late diastole

ventricular filling

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During ventricular filling heart blood pressure is___ as blood enters ___ and flows into ventricles

low, atria

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during ventricular systole atria______

relax

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During ventricular systole, rising_________ results in closing of AV valves

ventricular pressure

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During ventricular systole isovolumetric contraction phase is when

(all 4 valves are closed)

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During ventricular filling AV valves are ____, then ______ occurs

open, atrial systole

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During ventricular systole rising ventricular pressure results in ______ of AV valves

closing

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isovolumetric contraction phase happens during

ventricular systole

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During ventricular systole rising ventricular pressure results in closing of _______

AV valves

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During ventricular systole when all 4 valves are closed its called

isovolumetric contraction phase

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During ventricular systole, it opens semilunar valves

ventricular ejection phase

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Steps in ventricular systole

atria relax

rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves

isovolumetric contraction phase (all 4 valves are closed)

ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar valves

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steps in ventricular filling

heart blood pressure is low as blood enters atria and flows into ventricles

AV valves are open, then atrial systole occurs

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what comes first in the Phases of the Cardiac Cycle? ventricular systole or ventricular filling

ventricular filling

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early diastole

isovolumetric relaxation

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during isovolumetric relaxation _______ relax

ventricles

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During isovolumetric relaxation, backflow of blood in _____ and _______ closes semilunar valves

aorta and pulmonary trunk,

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During isovolumetric relaxation, atrioventricular valves also remain _______ until ________ drops below ______ pressure (all 4 valves are closed)

closed, ventricular pressure, atrial

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steps in isovolumetric relaxation

ventricles relax

backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes semilunar valves

atrioventricular valves also remain closed until ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure (all 4 valves are closed)

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is determined by venous return and neural and hormonal controls

cardiac output

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under stress, the ______________ increases heart rate and stroke volume

cardioacceleratory center

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cardiac output is determined by______ and _____ and ______ controls

venous return, neural and hormonal

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resting heart rate is controlled by the _______ center* via the _______ nerves

cardioinhibitory, vagus

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under stress does the the end systolic volume (ESV) increase or decrease

decrease

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under stress does the MAP (mean arterial pressure) increases or decrease

increase

under stress, the cardioacceleratory center* increases ________ and __________

heart rate and stroke volume

is controlled by the cardioinhibitory center* via the vagus nerves

resting heart rate

cardioinhibitory center is located in the ______

medulla oblongata

stroke volume is controlled by______

venous return

blood flow is dependent on ______ & ________

pressure gradient & resistance

contraction of the heart forces blood through the______

, vessels

the farther the blood has flown away from the heart, the ______ the pressure

lower

when friction between the blood and the vessel walls decreases the flow

resistance

as the diameter of a blood vessel gets smaller, is it more or less resistant?

the farther the blood has flown away from the heart, the lower the ________

pressure

as a blood vessel gets longer, is it more or less resistant ?

as blood gets more viscous (thicker) is there more or less resistance

this is the only contributor to resistance that can change minute to minute to alter blood pressure

diameter

do arteries with a large diameter have more or less resistance

less

arteries have a_______ which are elastic walls that will recoil to provide force to move blood while ventricles are refilling (and are therefore not pushing blood forward)

pressure reservoir

in arteries, a pressure reservoir has elastic walls that will _____to provide______ to move blood while ______ are refilling (and are therefore not pushing blood forward)

recoil, force , ventricles

in a pressure reservoir _______ will recoil to provide force to______ while ventricles are _______ (and are therefore not pushing blood forward)

elastic walls, move blood, refilling

pressure exerted on the artery wall while ventricles are contracting

systolic pressure

pressure exerted on the artery wall while ventricles are refilling

diastolic pressure:

less elastic than arteries and smaller version of them

Arterioles

have a thick layer of smooth muscle

Arterioles

contracts: vessel diameter becomes smaller =

vasoconstriction

relaxes: vessel diameter becomes larger =

vasodilation

partial constriction =

baseline constriction

nitric oxide (NO):

vasodilator

endothelin:

vasoconstrictor

___ levels drop and ____ levels rise in a muscle that begins to work

O2, CO2

O2 levels drop and CO2 levels rise in a muscle that begins to work triggering ______ of local______ in that muscle

dilation, arterioles

buildup of anything bad (e.g., CO2) triggers ____ of local arterioles

dilation

O2 (good stuff) levels ____ and CO2 (bad stuff) levels ____in an organ

drop, rise

buildup of anything good (e.g., O2) triggers ______ of local arterioles

constriction

Extrinsic controls for the cardiac cycle

nervous system, hormonal control

less sympathetic stimulation _______ muscle contraction

decreased muscle contraction

in the nervous system sympathetic stimulation_______ smooth muscle contraction

increases

___________ causes intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low BP

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

kidney release of renin generates _________ in the blood, which causes intense vasoconstriction

angiotensin II

in the nervous system sympathetic stimulation increases _________________

smooth muscle contraction

: endothelin and prostaglandin-derived growth factor (PDGF) are both vasoconstrictors

endothelium-derived factors

has brief but potent vasodilator effects

nitric oxide (NO):

histamine, prostacyclin (lines blood vessels), and kinins are potent vasodilators

inflammatory chemicals:

in the nervous system, sympathetic stimulation ______ smooth muscle contraction and BP

increases

in the nervous system, __________ stimulation decreases smooth muscle contraction and BP

parasympathetic

hormones in the cardiac cycle, hormones from organs other than the _____ &; _____________

heart and blood vessels

allow for exchange of materials between blood and every body cell

Capillaries

are very thin walled: one cell thick, no smooth muscle or connective tissue

capillaries

inhibited means

turned off

stimulated means

turned on

is something more positive or negative if its inhibited

negative

is something more positive or negative if it stimulated

positive

from the thyroid glad

thyroxine

the amount of blood ejected from 1 ventricle per contraction

stroke volume

local to organ

intrinsic

outside of organ system

extrinsic

extrinsic control is always

nervous system or endocrine

the amount of blood in a ventricle just before it contracts

end diastolic volume

what technique is used to measure stroke volume

echocardiogram

total blood volume

5.25

amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

end systolic volume

how do you calculate cardiac output

heart rate X stroke volume

rubber band effect

frank starling law

relaxation

diastole

contraction

systole

MAP is

mean arterial pressure

pressure of blood against a vessel wall

blood pressure

pressure of blood as it enters an organ

mean arterial pressure

what is the source of blood pressure

ventricles

how do you calculate MAP

diastolic pressure + pulse pressure, divided by 3

what is normal map

60 - 160 mm Hg

in a blood pressure reading is the top number diastolic or systolic

systolic

how do you calculate pulse pressure

systolic - diastolic

what is normal pulse pressure

20 - 40

forward movement of blood away from the heart

blood flow

there is only a pulse in the

arteries

in a blood pressure reading is the bottom number systolic or diastolic

diastolic

whole circle

diameter

half circle

radius

will the length of a blood vessel change from minute to minute

in _______ of the ventricles blood continues to move forward from pressure of the _____ recoiling back to their original size

relaxation, arteries

anything good triggers _______ of the blood vessel

constriction

anything bad triggers ________ of the blood vessel

dilatation

the amount of blood returning to the heart through the veins

venous return

total blood volume

5.25

does vasoconstriction increase or decrease blood pressure

increase

ADH is also called

vasopressin

blood going to or away from an area

perfusion

speed

velocity

does vasodiolation increase or decrease blood pressure

decrease

another name for filtration pressure

hydrostatic pressure

causes fluid to leave the capillaries

filtration pressure

caused by albumin proteins in the blood acting as sponges

re absorption pressure

reabsorption pressure can also be called

oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure

number one regulator of blood pressure

kidneys

allow for exchange of materials between blood and every body cell

Capillaries

capillary exchange is by

Simple Passive Diffusion

are very thin walled: one cell thick, no smooth muscle or connective tissue

capillaries

how narrow are capillaries

7μm

how narrow are red blood cells

8μm

how many cells thick are capillaries

no cell is more than ____ away from a capillary

0.1 mm

changes as it travels through the systemic circulation

blood velocity

do capillaries have smooth muscle

slow capillary flow allows adequate time for exchange between ______ &________

blood and tissues

is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area

blood velocity

do capillaries have connective tissue

____________ allows adequate time for exchange between blood and tissues

slow capillary flow

_________ from the heart causes the capillary wall to act like a filter

pressure gradient

_____ in capillary walls allow small water-soluble molecules to be exchanged

Pores

Blood flows from capillaries into ______ to _____

into venules to veins

are Veins low or high resistance

low

are veins large or small in diameter

large diameter

little elasticity

veins

do veins spring back

At rest: up to____% of blood volume can pool in veins

60%

small amount of ________ from heart (0 – 20mm Hg) is a force responsible for venous return

pressure gradient

Parasympathetic Inhibition on the Heart slows rate of

SA node depolarization

sympathetic stimulation causes venous __________

vasoconstriction:

Parasympathetic Inhibition on the Heart longer than usual _______

AV node delay

lower pressure in chest increases pressure gradients as blood moves into chest cavity

respiratory pump

squeezes blood back to the heart (still little resistance)

venous vasoconstriction:

______ is the pacemaker, so it determines the______

SA node, heart rate

autonomic nerve pathways _______

modify heart rate

sympathetic pathways – (NEUROTRANSMITTER)

norepinephrine (NE)

parasympathetic pathways – neurotransmitter

acetylcholine (ACh)

modify heart rate

autonomic nerve pathways

Parasympathetic Inhibition on the Heart, _______ contraction of atria and ventricles

weaker

Parasympathetic Inhibition on the Heart inhibited by the ____________ center in the ______________through the ______ nerves

cardioinhibitory, medulla oblongata, vagus

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart stimulated by __________ center in ________

cardioacceleratory, medulla oblongata

the hormones _______ & _____ increase heart rate

epinephrine and thyroxine

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart speeds up rate of ________

SA node depolarization

_______ & ______ ion concentrations must be maintained for normal heart function

intra- and extracellular

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart reduces _________

AV node delay

Total cardiac output depends on _____ &_______

heart rate and stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

cardiac output

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart speeds up spread of ______ through ________…(bundle of His, Purkinje fibers)

action potential, conduction pathway

is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

cardiac output

is the number of heart beats per minute

heart rate

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart______ strength of contraction of atria and ventricles

increases

______ is the difference between resting and maximal CO

cardiac reserve

is the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

stroke volume

each chamber holds/pumps an average of___ ml of blood per beat

heart rate (HR) is ____ beats per minute

~75

average numbers for Cardiac output ______X______ =______ml/min

75 X 70 = 5250 ml/min

end diastolic volume (EDV) minus end systolic volume (ESV)

stroke volume

during _________ each chamber holds/pumps an average of 70 ml of blood per beat

stroke volume

____ amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole

EDV:

amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

ESV:

amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood

preload:

: back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart

afterload

cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than EDV

contractility:

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart preload, or degree of stretch, of _______ muscle cells before they _____ is the critical factor controlling ___________

cardiac, contract, stroke volume

in the frank starling law slow heartbeat and exercise increase venous return to the heart, increasing SV

increase, increasing

_______ &________ heartbeat decrease SV

blood loss and extremely rapid

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart_____or degree of_____of cardiac muscle cells before they contract is the critical factor controlling stroke volume

preload, stretch,

in the frank starling law_____ heartbeat and____ increase ________ to the heart, increasing SV

slow, exercise, venous return

blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat _______SV

decrease

increasing Length of Cardiac Muscle Leads to a ______Contraction

Stronger

increased venous return leads to

more stretching of the cardiac muscle

Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume is contractility is the _______ in contractile strength, independent of _____ & _____

increase, stretch and EDV

more stretching of the cardiac muscle =

stronger contraction

Increasing ______ of Cardiac Muscle Leads to a Stronger _____

Length, Contraction

stronger contraction leads to

increase in stroke volume

Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume comes from increase in contractility comes from:

increased sympathetic stimuli certain hormones Ca2+ and some drugs

Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume agents/factors that decrease contractility include:

acidosis increased extracellular K+ calcium channel blockers

In Nourishing Cardiac Tissue heart muscle cannot extract ______from the blood within the _______

oxygen, four chambers

is Blood Pressure a homeostatic condition that must be maintained

yes

if blood pressure becomes too low________ may occur

syncope (fainting)

Nourishing Cardiac Tissue receives blood through _______

coronary arteries

if blood pressure becomes too low: the ____ and other tissues will not receive adequate_______ (not enough O2, nutrients, etc.)

brain, blood flow

if blood pressure becomes too high :risk of _____damage and______of small blood vessels

vascular, rupture

In Nourishing Cardiac Tissue most blood is received during ___________

diastole (ventricular relaxation)

maintaining blood pressure requires cooperation of the_____, _______ & _______

cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

What 3 factors determine blood pressure?

1) cardiac output heart rate stroke volume 2) total peripheral resistance overall diameter of arterioles*** blood viscosity length of blood vessel 3) blood volume

maintaining blood pressure requires supervision by the brain in the ___________(blood volume) & ___________(cardiovascular center)

hypothalamus (blood volume) & medulla oblongata

In Nourishing Cardiac Tissue _____ requirements of the heart vary with ______

oxygen, activity level

total peripheral resistance depends on what 3 factors

overall diameter of arterioles*** blood viscosity length of blood vessel

***This is the most important variable for peripheral resistance, because it can change from minute to minute!

overall diameter of arterioles***

_________ in blood vessels monitor blood pressure and report it to the medulla oblongata

baroreceptors

______ baroreceptor monitors BP in vessels leading to the brain

carotid sinus

________ baroreceptor monitors BP in aorta before it branches off to supply the rest of the body

aortic arch

Firing rate in afferent neuron arising from_________ baroreceptor

carotid sinus

baroreceptors in blood vessels monitor blood pressure and report it to the ________

medulla oblongata

within seconds, adjustments are made to cardiac output and peripheral resistance = baroreceptor reflex

short-term control

changes in total blood volume through thirst (hypothalamus) and urine output (kidneys!!)

long-term control:

Is The Lymphatic System one-way vessels

yes

short-term control: within seconds, adjustments are made to _________and peripheral resistance =_________ reflex

cardiac output, baroreceptor

long-term control: changes in____ blood volume through _____ (hypothalamus) and ____ output (kidneys!!

total, thirst, urine

The Lymphatic System begins with initial lymphatic ______ which are close to blood ______

capillaries, capillaries

interstitial fluid is called _____ once it enters the lymph vessel)

lymph

The Lymphatic System carries________ (called lymph once it enters the lymph vessel) back to the______ near the heart

interstitial fluid, subclavian veins

lymph is fats absorbed from the_____

digestive tract

lymph is essentially blood plasma without most _______

proteins

lymph may be ______ back into blood ____ by ______

reabsorbed, capillaries, osmosis (osmotic pressure)

lymph is ______, immune cells, & may spread ______cells from the ______ which should be destroyed by_______ in the ___________

antibodies, infectious, interstitial fluid, white blood cells, lymph nodes

lymph is excess________ filtered through _____ walls due to ______ (hydrostatic pressure)

interstitial fluid, blood capillary, blood pressure

(too much interstitial fluid causes ______

edema)

liquid CT of the cardiovascular system

Blood:

how much blood is in an average adult

about 5 L per adult

Matrix

~55% plasma

Formed elements (solids)

platelets, white blood cells & red blood cells

plasma acounts for ____ % of blood

~55%

does sympathetic condition cause ESV to go up or down

platelets and white blood cells account for _% of blood

typical pH is

7.4 (7.36-7.44

red blood cells account for __% of blood

~45%

all blood cells originate from ____cells in the bone marrow; this process is called __________

stem ,hematopoiesis

During ventricular systole ______ ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves

rising

in the nervous system___________ stimulation increases smooth muscle contraction

sympathetic

kidney release of renin generates angiotensin II in the blood, which causes intense __________

vasoconstriction

during parasympathetic stimulation does heart rate increase or decrease

decrease

during parasympathetic stimulation does cardiac output increase or decrease

decrease

during parasympathetic stimulation does blood pressure increase or decrease

decrease

plasma is made up of __% water

plasma is made up of _% plasma proteins

plasma is made up of _% remaining substances

roles of various plasma proteins:

water balance / blood viscosity buffer pH transport substances blood clotting factors immunity

remaining substances in plasma include

nutrients like glucose, amino acids and fatty acids electrolytes gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide waste materials like urea, uric acid, etc.

The composition of plasma is altered in_______ and controlled by the_____ & __________

tissues, liver and the kidneys

plasma supplies _____, ______, ______ & _______ to all cells

water, oxygen, nutrients and electrolytes

plasma collects _______ waste products and ________ from tissues

nitrogenous, carbon dioxide

plasma absorbs and carries______

heat

Erythrocytes are

red blood cells

____ million erythrocytes per mm3 of blood

4-6

Erythrocytes are produced in ________ (yolk sac, spleen & liver in fetus) from ______

red bone marrow, stem cells

Erythrocytes_____ shape gives them great surface area

biconcave

Erythrocytes have no ________ or ________

nucleus or mitochondria

are Erythrocytes flexible

yes

Erythrocytes contain ________ (protein that carries gases)

hemoglobin

Erythrocytes last _______ days (circulate _______ times!)

100 to 120, 75,000

old Erythrocyte cells are recycled in the ____ & ______

liver and spleen

Hemoglobin is made up of 4 subunits called ______

heme groups

heme groups are

(protein subunits plus iron ions)

each heme group can pick up and carry one ___ molecule

each heme group can also carry __ (in acidic conditions), ___, ____ & _____

H+, CO2 , CO, and NO

O2 carrying ability of the blood is monitored by______ cells within the _______ as they_____ the blood

sensory, kidneys, filter

when RBC count decreases, kidneys release the hormone _________ to stimulate RBC production by the________

erythropoietin (EPO), red bone marrow

Leukocytes are

white blood cells

Leukocytes ________ per mm3 of blood

5,000-10,000

Leukocytes are produced in _________ & ________ system organs

red bone marrow, lymphatic

Leukocytes defend against _______

invaders (bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.)

Leukocytes identify and destroy_______

cancer cells

Leukocytes clean up _____ & _________

debris and dead cells

high WBC count:

leukocytosis

low WBC count:

leukopenia

phagocytic; first to arrive at injury site; specialize in bacteria but also kill fungi and some viruses;

neutrophils

help to manage allergic reactions and defend against parasitic worms

eosinophils

: increase blood flow to injured tissues; secrete histamine increase inflammation and heparin, decrease clotting

basophils

leave bloodstream to become macrophages

monocytes:

die after feeding and can form pus

neutrophils

lymphocytes:

B cells, T cells

produce antibodies to attack foreign invaders

B cells

directly attack microorganisms, cancer cells and transplanted cells

T cells

neutrophil levels in blood :_____%

50-70

lymphocytes levels in blood _____%

25-35

monocyte levels in blood :____%

4-6

eosinophil levels in blood ___%

1-3

basophil levels in blood : ____%

0.4-1

differential counts are done to detect__________ & __________ can help to detect _____ and other disorders!

diseases, and abnormal shapes, anemias

Platelets also called

Thrombocytes

in platelets cell fragments originate from large_______ (megakaryocytes) in ________

stem cells, bone marrow

platelets function in _________ to control blood loss | last up to __ days in the blood

clotting, 10

low platelet count is ___________

thrombocytopenia

normal platelet count is

150,000 – 450,000 per mm3

low platelet count results in :

spontaneous bleeding

high platelet count results in :

abnormal clotting (aspirin is an anti-platelet drug)

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Carotid sinus and aortic arch receptor potential ______

increase

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Rate of firing in afferent nerves _______

increases

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Sympathetic cardiac nerve activity _______

decreases

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity ________

decreases

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, parasympathetic nerve activity _______

increases

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Heart rate ________

decreases

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal stroke volume ________

decreases

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, arteriolar and venous vasodilation ________

increases

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Cardiac output ________

decreases

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, total peripheral resistance ________

decreases

When blood pressure falls below normal Carotid sinus | and aortic arch receptor potential _______

decrease

When blood pressure falls below normal Rate of firing | in afferent nerves _______

decreases

When blood pressure falls below normal Sympathetic cardiac nerve activity _______

increases

When blood pressure falls below normal, sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity ________

increases

When blood pressure falls below normal parasympathetic nerve activity _________

decreased

When blood pressure falls below normal Heart rate | _______

increases

When blood pressure falls below normal stroke volume | _________

increases

When blood pressure falls below normal arteriolar and | venous vasoconstriction ________

increases

When blood pressure falls below normal Cardiac output _______

increases

When blood pressure falls below normal total peripheral resistance _______

increases

During isovolumetric relaxation, backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk closes __________

semilunar valves

__________ of the heart forces blood through the vessels

contraction

in endothelium-derived factors ________ & ___________ are both vasoconstrictors

endothelin and prostaglandin-derived growth factor (PDGF

in inflammatory chemicals ________, _________& _______ are potent vasodilators

histamine, prostacyclin (lines blood vessels), and kinin

blood velocity changes as it travels through the _________

systemic circulation

blood velocity is inversely proportional to the_______

cross-sectional area

________ with one-way valves is a force responsible for venous return

skeletal muscle pump

_________ nervous control is a force responsible for venous return

autonomic

________ pump is a force responsible for venous return

respiratory

_______ nerve pathways modify heart rate

autonomic

the area of the heart that is the pacemaker

SA node

Which branch of the nervous system modifies the heart rate?

autonomic

List the neurotransmitters that are used by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system to modify heart rate.

sympathetic- norepinephrine parasympathetic - acetylcholine

Intrinsic control effects stroke volume by_______ Strength of cardiac contraction

increasing

Intrinsic control effects stroke volume by ________ End-diastolic volume

increasing

Intrinsic control effects stroke volume by ______ Venous return

increasing

extrinsic control effects stroke volume by ______ Sympathetic activity (and epinephrine)

increasing

Hemostasis is

blood clotting

Hemostasis is important when_______ are injured

blood vessels

Hemostasis is most effective in _____ vessels

small

Hemostasis involves _ stages

3 steps of blood clotting are

vascular spasm platelet plug formation blood coagulation

In Blood Vessel Spasm _____ muscles contract

: smooth

In Blood Vessel Spasm blood loss ___________ almost immediately

lessens

In Blood Vessel Spasm ends of vessel may ___________________

close completely

In Blood Vessel Spasm effects last about ___ minutes

In Platelet Plug Formation: platelets adhere to _____ on rough surface of _______

collagen, broken vessel

In Platelet Plug Formation platelets stick together to form _____

plug

In Platelet Plug Formation platelets release __________ (increases vascular spasm) & ________(attracts more platelets

serotonin, thromboxane

in Blood Coagulation: complex chain reaction of events to form clot in ____ minutes

3-6

in Blood Coagulation:involves plasma _______ produced mostly by the ___

proteins, liver

in Blood Coagulation: -main event is conversion of soluble (liquid) _______ of plasma into insoluble (solid) _____ threads

fibrinogen, fibrin

in Blood Coagulation: fibrin traps______ &_________ to form ______

platelets & blood cells, clots

in Blood Coagulation:_______ is needed (from diet and E. coli in large intestine)

Vitamin K

thrombin catalyzes the polymerization of ________ & _________

fibrinogen into fibrin

insoluble fibrin strands form the structural basis of a ____

clot

________ catalyzes the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin

thrombin

fibrin causes plasma to become a ________

gel-like trap

fibrin in the presence of calcium ions activates clotting factor____ that _______ fibrin

XIII, :cross-links

fibrin in the presence of_________ activates clotting factor XIII that:_______&______ the clot

calcium ions, strengthens and stabilizes

Thromboembolytic Disorders: _______

Abnormal Blood Clotting

a clot attached to the inside of a vessel wall

thrombus:

: a free-floating clot that may lodge downstream

embolus

thromboembolytic disorders lead to ________ (due to atherosclerosis – buildup of plaques)

rough vessel surfaces

thromboembolytic disorders lead to slow-moving ______ (phlebitis, vericose veins, etc.)

blood

thromboembolytic disorders lead to large-scale release of _________ substance due to large area of ______ tissue

clot-activating, traumatized

thromboembolytic disorders lead to imbalance in _______________ mechanisms

clotting/anticlotting

: stabilization of the clot by platelets squeezing serum from the fibrin strands

clot retraction

aids in removal of unwanted/unnecessary clots

clot dissolution:

clot retraction occurs in less than ____

an hour

fibrin- and fibrinogen-digesting plasmin liquefies _____

coagulated blood

4 steps of respiration

ventilation external respiration transport of O2 and CO2 internal respiration

In inspiration (inhalation) muscles ____________ contract

(diaphragm and external intercostals)

In inspiration (inhalation) chest cavity becomes _________ and the pressure in the alveoli _________

larger, decreases

In inspiration (inhalation) air flows into lungs along ________ (from _______ atmospheric pressure to _________ lung pressure)

pressure gradient, higher, lower

In expiration (exhalation) muscles diaphragm and external intercostals _____, and the elastic lung tissue _____

relax, recoils

In expiration (exhalation):chest cavity becomes _____

smaller

In expiration (exhalation) air flows out of lungs along _____

pressure gradient

also involves the contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

forced exhalation

forced exhalation also involves the contraction of the _________ & _________muscles

nternal intercostal and abdominal

DURING inhalation ______ in volume

increase

DURING inhalation _____ in pressure

decrease

during exhalation _____ in volume

decrease

during exhalation ____ in pressure

increase

amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing

tidal volume

average tidal volume is ___ml

500

amount of air forcefully inhaled after tidal volume inhalation

inspritary reserve volume

average inspritary reserve volume ____ ml

3100 ml

amount of air forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

expiratory reserve volume

average expiratory reserve volume

1200 ml

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) heart rate ______

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) stroke volume ______

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) overall peripherial resistance due to vasoconstriction of both arterioles and veins _________

increase

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) overall venous return ____

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) pressure gradient _________

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) skeletal muscle pump _____

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) respiratory pump ________

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) venous vasoconstriction __________

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) total cardiac output ______

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic)sympathetic nervous stimulation _______

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) parasympathetic stimulation ________

decreases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic)rate of oxygen use by active cells _____

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) rate of carbon dioxide production by active cells _______

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) oxygen level in active muscle ______and then returns to homeostatic set point

decreases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) carbon dioxide levels in active muscles _________ and then return to homeostatic set point

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood pH ______

decreases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) magnitude of respirations ______

increase

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) respiration rate_____

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to active skeletal muscles ________

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to intestines and kidneys ______

decreases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to cardiac muscle ____

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to skin ______

increases

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to brain _____

increases