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Anatomy > lecture exam 3 > Flashcards

lecture exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

mid-to-late diastole

A

ventricular filling

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2
Q

During ventricular filling heart blood pressure is___ as blood enters ___ and flows into ventricles

A

low, atria

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3
Q

during ventricular systole atria______

A

relax

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4
Q

During ventricular systole, rising_________ results in closing of AV valves

A

ventricular pressure

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5
Q

During ventricular systole isovolumetric contraction phase is when

A

(all 4 valves are closed)

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6
Q

During ventricular filling AV valves are ____, then ______ occurs

A

open, atrial systole

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7
Q

During ventricular systole rising ventricular pressure results in ______ of AV valves

A

closing

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8
Q

isovolumetric contraction phase happens during

A

ventricular systole

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9
Q

During ventricular systole rising ventricular pressure results in closing of _______

A

AV valves

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10
Q

During ventricular systole when all 4 valves are closed its called

A

isovolumetric contraction phase

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11
Q

During ventricular systole, it opens semilunar valves

A

ventricular ejection phase

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12
Q

Steps in ventricular systole

A

atria relax

rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves

isovolumetric contraction phase (all 4 valves are closed)

ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar valves

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13
Q

steps in ventricular filling

A

heart blood pressure is low as blood enters atria and flows into ventricles

AV valves are open, then atrial systole occurs

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14
Q

what comes first in the Phases of the Cardiac Cycle? ventricular systole or ventricular filling

A

ventricular filling

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15
Q

early diastole

A

isovolumetric relaxation

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16
Q

during isovolumetric relaxation _______ relax

A

ventricles

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17
Q

During isovolumetric relaxation, backflow of blood in _____ and _______ closes semilunar valves

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk,

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18
Q

During isovolumetric relaxation, atrioventricular valves also remain _______ until ________ drops below ______ pressure (all 4 valves are closed)

A

closed, ventricular pressure, atrial

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19
Q

steps in isovolumetric relaxation

A

ventricles relax

backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes semilunar valves

atrioventricular valves also remain closed until ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure (all 4 valves are closed)

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20
Q

is determined by venous return and neural and hormonal controls

A

cardiac output

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21
Q

under stress, the ______________ increases heart rate and stroke volume

A

cardioacceleratory center

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22
Q

cardiac output is determined by______ and _____ and ______ controls

A

venous return, neural and hormonal

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23
Q

resting heart rate is controlled by the _______ center* via the _______ nerves

A

cardioinhibitory, vagus

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24
Q

under stress does the the end systolic volume (ESV) increase or decrease

A

decrease

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25
Q

under stress does the MAP (mean arterial pressure) increases or decrease

A

increase

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26
Q

under stress, the cardioacceleratory center* increases ________ and __________

A

heart rate and stroke volume

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27
Q

is controlled by the cardioinhibitory center* via the vagus nerves

A

resting heart rate

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28
Q

cardioinhibitory center is located in the ______

A

medulla oblongata

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29
Q

stroke volume is controlled by______

A

venous return

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30
Q

blood flow is dependent on ______ & ________

A

pressure gradient & resistance

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31
Q

contraction of the heart forces blood through the______

A

, vessels

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32
Q

the farther the blood has flown away from the heart, the ______ the pressure

A

lower

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33
Q

when friction between the blood and the vessel walls decreases the flow

A

resistance

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34
Q

as the diameter of a blood vessel gets smaller, is it more or less resistant?

A

more

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35
Q

the farther the blood has flown away from the heart, the lower the ________

A

pressure

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36
Q

as a blood vessel gets longer, is it more or less resistant ?

A

more

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37
Q

as blood gets more viscous (thicker) is there more or less resistance

A

more

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38
Q

this is the only contributor to resistance that can change minute to minute to alter blood pressure

A

diameter

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39
Q

do arteries with a large diameter have more or less resistance

A

less

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40
Q

arteries have a_______ which are elastic walls that will recoil to provide force to move blood while ventricles are refilling (and are therefore not pushing blood forward)

A

pressure reservoir

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41
Q

in arteries, a pressure reservoir has elastic walls that will _____to provide______ to move blood while ______ are refilling (and are therefore not pushing blood forward)

A

recoil, force , ventricles

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42
Q

in a pressure reservoir _______ will recoil to provide force to______ while ventricles are _______ (and are therefore not pushing blood forward)

A

elastic walls, move blood, refilling

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43
Q

pressure exerted on the artery wall while ventricles are contracting

A

systolic pressure

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44
Q

pressure exerted on the artery wall while ventricles are refilling

A

diastolic pressure:

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45
Q

less elastic than arteries and smaller version of them

A

Arterioles

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46
Q

have a thick layer of smooth muscle

A

Arterioles

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47
Q

contracts: vessel diameter becomes smaller =

A

vasoconstriction

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48
Q

relaxes: vessel diameter becomes larger =

A

vasodilation

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49
Q

partial constriction =

A

baseline constriction

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50
Q

nitric oxide (NO):

A

vasodilator

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51
Q

endothelin:

A

vasoconstrictor

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52
Q

___ levels drop and ____ levels rise in a muscle that begins to work

A

O2, CO2

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53
Q

O2 levels drop and CO2 levels rise in a muscle that begins to work triggering ______ of local______ in that muscle

A

dilation, arterioles

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54
Q

buildup of anything bad (e.g., CO2) triggers ____ of local arterioles

A

dilation

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55
Q

O2 (good stuff) levels ____ and CO2 (bad stuff) levels ____in an organ

A

drop, rise

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56
Q

buildup of anything good (e.g., O2) triggers ______ of local arterioles

A

constriction

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57
Q

Extrinsic controls for the cardiac cycle

A

nervous system, hormonal control

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58
Q

less sympathetic stimulation _______ muscle contraction

A

decreased muscle contraction

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59
Q

in the nervous system sympathetic stimulation_______ smooth muscle contraction

A

increases

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60
Q

___________ causes intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low BP

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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61
Q

kidney release of renin generates _________ in the blood, which causes intense vasoconstriction

A

angiotensin II

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62
Q

in the nervous system sympathetic stimulation increases _________________

A

smooth muscle contraction

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63
Q

: endothelin and prostaglandin-derived growth factor (PDGF) are both vasoconstrictors

A

endothelium-derived factors

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64
Q

has brief but potent vasodilator effects

A

nitric oxide (NO):

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65
Q

histamine, prostacyclin (lines blood vessels), and kinins are potent vasodilators

A

inflammatory chemicals:

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66
Q

in the nervous system, sympathetic stimulation ______ smooth muscle contraction and BP

A

increases

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67
Q

in the nervous system, __________ stimulation decreases smooth muscle contraction and BP

A

parasympathetic

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68
Q

hormones in the cardiac cycle, hormones from organs other than the _____ &; _____________

A

heart and blood vessels

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69
Q

allow for exchange of materials between blood and every body cell

A

Capillaries

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70
Q

are very thin walled: one cell thick, no smooth muscle or connective tissue

A

capillaries

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71
Q

inhibited means

A

turned off

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72
Q

stimulated means

A

turned on

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73
Q

is something more positive or negative if its inhibited

A

negative

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74
Q

is something more positive or negative if it stimulated

A

positive

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75
Q

from the thyroid glad

A

thyroxine

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76
Q

the amount of blood ejected from 1 ventricle per contraction

A

stroke volume

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77
Q

local to organ

A

intrinsic

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78
Q

outside of organ system

A

extrinsic

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79
Q

extrinsic control is always

A

nervous system or endocrine

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80
Q

the amount of blood in a ventricle just before it contracts

A

end diastolic volume

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81
Q

what technique is used to measure stroke volume

A

echocardiogram

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82
Q

total blood volume

A

5.25

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83
Q

amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

A

end systolic volume

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84
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

heart rate X stroke volume

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85
Q

rubber band effect

A

frank starling law

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86
Q

relaxation

A

diastole

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87
Q

contraction

A

systole

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88
Q

MAP is

A

mean arterial pressure

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89
Q

pressure of blood against a vessel wall

A

blood pressure

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90
Q

pressure of blood as it enters an organ

A

mean arterial pressure

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91
Q

what is the source of blood pressure

A

ventricles

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92
Q

how do you calculate MAP

A

diastolic pressure + pulse pressure, divided by 3

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93
Q

what is normal map

A

60 - 160 mm Hg

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94
Q

in a blood pressure reading is the top number diastolic or systolic

A

systolic

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95
Q

how do you calculate pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic

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96
Q

what is normal pulse pressure

A

20 - 40

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97
Q

forward movement of blood away from the heart

A

blood flow

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98
Q

there is only a pulse in the

A

arteries

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99
Q

in a blood pressure reading is the bottom number systolic or diastolic

A

diastolic

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100
Q

whole circle

A

diameter

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101
Q

half circle

A

radius

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102
Q

will the length of a blood vessel change from minute to minute

A

no

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103
Q

in _______ of the ventricles blood continues to move forward from pressure of the _____ recoiling back to their original size

A

relaxation, arteries

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104
Q

anything good triggers _______ of the blood vessel

A

constriction

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105
Q

anything bad triggers ________ of the blood vessel

A

dilatation

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106
Q

the amount of blood returning to the heart through the veins

A

venous return

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107
Q

total blood volume

A

5.25

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108
Q

does vasoconstriction increase or decrease blood pressure

A

increase

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109
Q

ADH is also called

A

vasopressin

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110
Q

blood going to or away from an area

A

perfusion

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111
Q

speed

A

velocity

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112
Q

does vasodiolation increase or decrease blood pressure

A

decrease

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113
Q

another name for filtration pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure

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114
Q

causes fluid to leave the capillaries

A

filtration pressure

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115
Q

caused by albumin proteins in the blood acting as sponges

A

re absorption pressure

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116
Q

reabsorption pressure can also be called

A

oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure

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117
Q

number one regulator of blood pressure

A

kidneys

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118
Q

allow for exchange of materials between blood and every body cell

A

Capillaries

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119
Q

capillary exchange is by

A

Simple Passive Diffusion

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120
Q

are very thin walled: one cell thick, no smooth muscle or connective tissue

A

capillaries

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121
Q

how narrow are capillaries

A

7μm

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122
Q

how narrow are red blood cells

A

8μm

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123
Q

how many cells thick are capillaries

A

1

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124
Q

no cell is more than ____ away from a capillary

A

0.1 mm

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125
Q

changes as it travels through the systemic circulation

A

blood velocity

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126
Q

do capillaries have smooth muscle

A

no

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127
Q

slow capillary flow allows adequate time for exchange between ______ &________

A

blood and tissues

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128
Q

is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area

A

blood velocity

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129
Q

do capillaries have connective tissue

A

no

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130
Q

____________ allows adequate time for exchange between blood and tissues

A

slow capillary flow

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131
Q

_________ from the heart causes the capillary wall to act like a filter

A

pressure gradient

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132
Q

_____ in capillary walls allow small water-soluble molecules to be exchanged

A

Pores

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133
Q

Blood flows from capillaries into ______ to _____

A

into venules to veins

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134
Q

are Veins low or high resistance

A

low

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135
Q

are veins large or small in diameter

A

large diameter

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136
Q

little elasticity

A

veins

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137
Q

do veins spring back

A

no

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138
Q

At rest: up to____% of blood volume can pool in veins

A

60%

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139
Q

small amount of ________ from heart (0 – 20mm Hg) is a force responsible for venous return

A

pressure gradient

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140
Q

Parasympathetic Inhibition on the Heart slows rate of

A

SA node depolarization

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141
Q

sympathetic stimulation causes venous __________

A

vasoconstriction:

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142
Q

Parasympathetic Inhibition on the Heart longer than usual _______

A

AV node delay

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143
Q

lower pressure in chest increases pressure gradients as blood moves into chest cavity

A

respiratory pump

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144
Q

squeezes blood back to the heart (still little resistance)

A

venous vasoconstriction:

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145
Q

______ is the pacemaker, so it determines the______

A

SA node, heart rate

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146
Q

autonomic nerve pathways _______

A

modify heart rate

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147
Q

sympathetic pathways – (NEUROTRANSMITTER)

A

norepinephrine (NE)

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148
Q

parasympathetic pathways – neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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149
Q

modify heart rate

A

autonomic nerve pathways

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150
Q

Parasympathetic Inhibition on the Heart, _______ contraction of atria and ventricles

A

weaker

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151
Q

Parasympathetic Inhibition on the Heart inhibited by the ____________ center in the ______________through the ______ nerves

A

cardioinhibitory, medulla oblongata, vagus

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152
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart stimulated by __________ center in ________

A

cardioacceleratory, medulla oblongata

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153
Q

the hormones _______ & _____ increase heart rate

A

epinephrine and thyroxine

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154
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart speeds up rate of ________

A

SA node depolarization

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155
Q

_______ & ______ ion concentrations must be maintained for normal heart function

A

intra- and extracellular

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156
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart reduces _________

A

AV node delay

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157
Q

Total cardiac output depends on _____ &_______

A

heart rate and stroke volume

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158
Q

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

A

cardiac output

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159
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart speeds up spread of ______ through ________…(bundle of His, Purkinje fibers)

A

action potential, conduction pathway

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160
Q

is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

A

cardiac output

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161
Q

is the number of heart beats per minute

A

heart rate

162
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart______ strength of contraction of atria and ventricles

A

increases

163
Q

______ is the difference between resting and maximal CO

A

cardiac reserve

164
Q

is the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat

A

stroke volume

165
Q

each chamber holds/pumps an average of___ ml of blood per beat

A

70

166
Q

heart rate (HR) is ____ beats per minute

A

~75

167
Q

average numbers for Cardiac output ______X______ =______ml/min

A

75 X 70 = 5250 ml/min

168
Q

end diastolic volume (EDV) minus end systolic volume (ESV)

A

stroke volume

169
Q

during _________ each chamber holds/pumps an average of 70 ml of blood per beat

A

stroke volume

170
Q

____ amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole

A

EDV:

171
Q

amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

A

ESV:

172
Q

amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood

A

preload:

173
Q

: back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart

A

afterload

174
Q

cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than EDV

A

contractility:

175
Q

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart preload, or degree of stretch, of _______ muscle cells before they _____ is the critical factor controlling ___________

A

cardiac, contract, stroke volume

176
Q

in the frank starling law slow heartbeat and exercise increase venous return to the heart, increasing SV

A

increase, increasing

177
Q

_______ &________ heartbeat decrease SV

A

blood loss and extremely rapid

178
Q

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart_____or degree of_____of cardiac muscle cells before they contract is the critical factor controlling stroke volume

A

preload, stretch,

179
Q

in the frank starling law_____ heartbeat and____ increase ________ to the heart, increasing SV

A

slow, exercise, venous return

180
Q

blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat _______SV

A

decrease

181
Q

increasing Length of Cardiac Muscle Leads to a ______Contraction

A

Stronger

182
Q

increased venous return leads to

A

more stretching of the cardiac muscle

183
Q

Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume is contractility is the _______ in contractile strength, independent of _____ & _____

A

increase, stretch and EDV

184
Q

more stretching of the cardiac muscle =

A

stronger contraction

185
Q

Increasing ______ of Cardiac Muscle Leads to a Stronger _____

A

Length, Contraction

186
Q

stronger contraction leads to

A

increase in stroke volume

187
Q

Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume comes from increase in contractility comes from:

A

increased sympathetic stimuli

certain hormones

Ca2+ and some drugs

188
Q

Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume agents/factors that decrease contractility include:

A

acidosis

increased extracellular K+

calcium channel blockers

189
Q

In Nourishing Cardiac Tissue heart muscle cannot extract ______from the blood within the _______

A

oxygen, four chambers

190
Q

is Blood Pressure a homeostatic condition that must be maintained

A

yes

191
Q

if blood pressure becomes too low________ may occur

A

syncope (fainting)

192
Q

Nourishing Cardiac Tissue receives blood through _______

A

coronary arteries

193
Q

if blood pressure becomes too low: the ____ and other tissues will not receive adequate_______ (not enough O2, nutrients, etc.)

A

brain, blood flow

194
Q

if blood pressure becomes too high :risk of _____damage and______of small blood vessels

A

vascular, rupture

195
Q

In Nourishing Cardiac Tissue most blood is received during ___________

A

diastole (ventricular relaxation)

196
Q

maintaining blood pressure requires cooperation of the_____, _______ & _______

A

cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

197
Q

What 3 factors determine blood pressure?

A

1) cardiac output
heart rate
stroke volume

2) total peripheral resistance
overall diameter of arterioles***
blood viscosity
length of blood vessel

3) blood volume

198
Q

maintaining blood pressure requires supervision by the brain in the ___________(blood volume) & ___________(cardiovascular center)

A

hypothalamus (blood volume) & medulla oblongata

199
Q

In Nourishing Cardiac Tissue _____ requirements of the heart vary with ______

A

oxygen, activity level

200
Q

total peripheral resistance depends on what 3 factors

A

overall diameter of arterioles***

blood viscosity

length of blood vessel

201
Q

***This is the most important variable for peripheral resistance, because it can change from minute to minute!

A

overall diameter of arterioles***

202
Q

_________ in blood vessels monitor blood pressure and report it to the medulla oblongata

A

baroreceptors

203
Q

______ baroreceptor monitors BP in vessels leading to the brain

A

carotid sinus

204
Q

________ baroreceptor monitors BP in aorta before it branches off to supply the rest of the body

A

aortic arch

205
Q

Firing rate in afferent neuron arising from_________ baroreceptor

A

carotid sinus

206
Q

baroreceptors in blood vessels monitor blood pressure and report it to the ________

A

medulla oblongata

207
Q

within seconds, adjustments are made to cardiac output and peripheral resistance = baroreceptor reflex

A

short-term control

208
Q

changes in total blood volume through thirst (hypothalamus) and urine output (kidneys!!)

A

long-term control:

209
Q

Is The Lymphatic System one-way vessels

A

yes

210
Q

short-term control: within seconds, adjustments are made to _________and peripheral resistance =_________ reflex

A

cardiac output, baroreceptor

211
Q

long-term control: changes in____ blood volume through _____ (hypothalamus) and ____ output (kidneys!!

A

total, thirst, urine

212
Q

The Lymphatic System begins with initial lymphatic ______ which are close to blood ______

A

capillaries, capillaries

213
Q

interstitial fluid is called _____ once it enters the lymph vessel)

A

lymph

214
Q

The Lymphatic System carries________ (called lymph once it enters the lymph vessel) back to the______ near the heart

A

interstitial fluid, subclavian veins

215
Q

lymph is fats absorbed from the_____

A

digestive tract

216
Q

lymph is essentially blood plasma without most _______

A

proteins

217
Q

lymph may be ______ back into blood ____ by ______

A

reabsorbed, capillaries, osmosis (osmotic pressure)

218
Q

lymph is ______, immune cells, & may spread ______cells from the ______ which should be destroyed by_______ in the ___________

A

antibodies, infectious, interstitial fluid, white blood cells, lymph nodes

219
Q

lymph is excess________ filtered through _____ walls due to ______ (hydrostatic pressure)

A

interstitial fluid, blood capillary, blood pressure

220
Q

(too much interstitial fluid causes ______

A

edema)

221
Q

liquid CT of the cardiovascular system

A

Blood:

222
Q

how much blood is in an average adult

A

about 5 L per adult

223
Q

Matrix

A

~55% plasma

224
Q

Formed elements (solids)

A

platelets, white blood cells & red blood cells

225
Q

plasma acounts for ____ % of blood

A

~55%

226
Q

does sympathetic condition cause ESV to go up or down

A

up

227
Q

platelets and white blood cells account for _% of blood

A
228
Q

typical pH is

A

7.4 (7.36-7.44

229
Q

red blood cells account for __% of blood

A

~45%

230
Q

all blood cells originate from ____cells in the bone marrow; this process is called __________

A

stem ,hematopoiesis

231
Q

During ventricular systole ______ ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves

A

rising

232
Q

in the nervous system___________ stimulation increases smooth muscle contraction

A

sympathetic

233
Q

kidney release of renin generates angiotensin II in the blood, which causes intense __________

A

vasoconstriction

234
Q

during parasympathetic stimulation does heart rate increase or decrease

A

decrease

235
Q

during parasympathetic stimulation does cardiac output increase or decrease

A

decrease

236
Q

during parasympathetic stimulation does blood pressure increase or decrease

A

decrease

237
Q

plasma is made up of __% water

A

90

238
Q

plasma is made up of _% plasma proteins

A

7

239
Q

plasma is made up of _% remaining substances

A

3

240
Q

roles of various plasma proteins:

A

water balance / blood viscosity

buffer pH

transport substances

blood clotting factors

immunity

241
Q

remaining substances in plasma include

A

nutrients like glucose, amino acids and fatty acids

electrolytes

gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide
waste materials like urea, uric acid, etc.

242
Q

The composition of plasma is altered in_______ and controlled by the_____ & __________

A

tissues, liver and the kidneys

243
Q

plasma supplies _____, ______, ______ & _______ to all cells

A

water, oxygen, nutrients and electrolytes

244
Q

plasma collects _______ waste products and ________ from tissues

A

nitrogenous, carbon dioxide

245
Q

plasma absorbs and carries______

A

heat

246
Q

Erythrocytes are

A

red blood cells

247
Q

____ million erythrocytes per mm3 of blood

A

4-6

248
Q

Erythrocytes are produced in ________ (yolk sac, spleen & liver in fetus) from ______

A

red bone marrow, stem cells

249
Q

Erythrocytes_____ shape gives them great surface area

A

biconcave

250
Q

Erythrocytes have no ________ or ________

A

nucleus or mitochondria

251
Q

are Erythrocytes flexible

A

yes

252
Q

Erythrocytes contain ________ (protein that carries gases)

A

hemoglobin

253
Q

Erythrocytes last _______ days (circulate _______ times!)

A

100 to 120, 75,000

254
Q

old Erythrocyte cells are recycled in the ____ & ______

A

liver and spleen

255
Q

Hemoglobin is made up of 4 subunits called ______

A

heme groups

256
Q

heme groups are

A

(protein subunits plus iron ions)

257
Q

each heme group can pick up and carry one ___ molecule

A

O2

258
Q

each heme group can also carry __ (in acidic conditions), ___, ____ & _____

A

H+, CO2 , CO, and NO

259
Q

O2 carrying ability of the blood is monitored by______ cells within the _______ as they_____ the blood

A

sensory, kidneys, filter

260
Q

when RBC count decreases, kidneys release the hormone _________ to stimulate RBC production by the________

A

erythropoietin (EPO), red bone marrow

261
Q

Leukocytes are

A

white blood cells

262
Q

Leukocytes ________ per mm3 of blood

A

5,000-10,000

263
Q

Leukocytes are produced in _________ & ________ system organs

A

red bone marrow, lymphatic

264
Q

Leukocytes defend against _______

A

invaders (bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.)

265
Q

Leukocytes identify and destroy_______

A

cancer cells

266
Q

Leukocytes clean up _____ & _________

A

debris and dead cells

267
Q

high WBC count:

A

leukocytosis

268
Q

low WBC count:

A

leukopenia

269
Q

phagocytic; first to arrive at injury site; specialize in bacteria but also kill fungi and some viruses;

A

neutrophils

270
Q

help to manage allergic reactions and defend against parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

271
Q

: increase blood flow to injured tissues; secrete histamine increase inflammation and heparin, decrease clotting

A

basophils

272
Q

leave bloodstream to become macrophages

A

monocytes:

273
Q

die after feeding and can form pus

A

neutrophils

274
Q

lymphocytes:

A

B cells, T cells

275
Q

produce antibodies to attack foreign invaders

A

B cells

276
Q

directly attack microorganisms, cancer cells and transplanted cells

A

T cells

277
Q

neutrophil levels in blood :_____%

A

50-70

278
Q

lymphocytes levels in blood _____%

A

25-35

279
Q

monocyte levels in blood :____%

A

4-6

280
Q

eosinophil levels in blood ___%

A

1-3

281
Q

basophil levels in blood : ____%

A

0.4-1

282
Q

differential counts are done to detect__________ & __________ can help to detect _____ and other disorders!

A

diseases, and abnormal shapes, anemias

283
Q

Platelets also called

A

Thrombocytes

284
Q

in platelets cell fragments originate from large_______ (megakaryocytes) in ________

A

stem cells, bone marrow

285
Q

platelets function in _________ to control blood loss

last up to __ days in the blood

A

clotting, 10

286
Q

low platelet count is ___________

A

thrombocytopenia

287
Q

normal platelet count is

A

150,000 – 450,000 per mm3

288
Q

low platelet count results in :

A

spontaneous bleeding

289
Q

high platelet count results in :

A

abnormal clotting (aspirin is an anti-platelet drug)

290
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Carotid sinus and aortic arch receptor potential ______

A

increase

291
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Rate of firing in afferent nerves _______

A

increases

292
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Sympathetic cardiac nerve activity _______

A

decreases

293
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity ________

A

decreases

294
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, parasympathetic nerve activity _______

A

increases

295
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Heart rate ________

A

decreases

296
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal stroke volume ________

A

decreases

297
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, arteriolar and venous vasodilation ________

A

increases

298
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, Cardiac output ________

A

decreases

299
Q

When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, total peripheral resistance ________

A

decreases

300
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal Carotid sinus

and aortic arch receptor potential _______

A

decrease

301
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal Rate of firing

in afferent nerves _______

A

decreases

302
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal Sympathetic cardiac nerve activity _______

A

increases

303
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal, sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity ________

A

increases

304
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal parasympathetic nerve activity _________

A

decreased

305
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal Heart rate

_______

A

increases

306
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal stroke volume

_________

A

increases

307
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal arteriolar and

venous vasoconstriction ________

A

increases

308
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal Cardiac output _______

A

increases

309
Q

When blood pressure falls below normal total peripheral resistance _______

A

increases

310
Q

During isovolumetric relaxation, backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk closes __________

A

semilunar valves

311
Q

__________ of the heart forces blood through the vessels

A

contraction

312
Q

in endothelium-derived factors ________ & ___________ are both vasoconstrictors

A

endothelin and prostaglandin-derived growth factor (PDGF

313
Q

in inflammatory chemicals ________, _________& _______ are potent vasodilators

A

histamine, prostacyclin (lines blood vessels), and kinin

314
Q

blood velocity changes as it travels through the _________

A

systemic circulation

315
Q

blood velocity is inversely proportional to the_______

A

cross-sectional area

316
Q

________ with one-way valves is a force responsible for venous return

A

skeletal muscle pump

317
Q

_________ nervous control is a force responsible for venous return

A

autonomic

318
Q

________ pump is a force responsible for venous return

A

respiratory

319
Q

_______ nerve pathways modify heart rate

A

autonomic

320
Q

the area of the heart that is the pacemaker

A

SA node

321
Q

Which branch of the nervous system modifies the heart rate?

A

autonomic

322
Q

List the neurotransmitters that are used by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system to modify heart
rate.

A

sympathetic- norepinephrine

parasympathetic - acetylcholine

323
Q

Intrinsic control effects stroke volume by_______ Strength of cardiac contraction

A

increasing

324
Q

Intrinsic control effects stroke volume by ________ End-diastolic
volume

A

increasing

325
Q

Intrinsic control effects stroke volume by ______ Venous return

A

increasing

326
Q

extrinsic control effects stroke volume by ______ Sympathetic activity (and epinephrine)

A

increasing

327
Q

Hemostasis is

A

blood clotting

328
Q

Hemostasis is important when_______ are injured

A

blood vessels

329
Q

Hemostasis is most effective in _____ vessels

A

small

330
Q

Hemostasis involves _ stages

A

3

331
Q

3 steps of blood clotting are

A

vascular spasm

platelet plug formation

blood coagulation

332
Q

In Blood Vessel Spasm _____ muscles contract

A

: smooth

333
Q

In Blood Vessel Spasm blood loss ___________ almost immediately

A

lessens

334
Q

In Blood Vessel Spasm ends of vessel may ___________________

A

close completely

335
Q

In Blood Vessel Spasm effects last about ___ minutes

A

30

336
Q

In Platelet Plug Formation: platelets adhere to _____ on rough surface of _______

A

collagen, broken vessel

337
Q

In Platelet Plug Formation platelets stick together to form _____

A

plug

338
Q

In Platelet Plug Formation platelets release __________ (increases vascular spasm) & ________(attracts more platelets

A

serotonin, thromboxane

339
Q

in Blood Coagulation: complex chain reaction of events to form clot in ____ minutes

A

3-6

340
Q

in Blood Coagulation:involves plasma _______ produced mostly by the ___

A

proteins, liver

341
Q

in Blood Coagulation: -main event is conversion of soluble (liquid) _______ of plasma into insoluble (solid) _____ threads

A

fibrinogen, fibrin

342
Q

in Blood Coagulation: fibrin traps______ &_________ to form ______

A

platelets & blood cells, clots

343
Q

in Blood Coagulation:_______ is needed (from diet and E. coli in large intestine)

A

Vitamin K

344
Q

thrombin catalyzes the polymerization of ________ & _________

A

fibrinogen into fibrin

345
Q

insoluble fibrin strands form the structural basis of a ____

A

clot

346
Q

________ catalyzes the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin

A

thrombin

347
Q

fibrin causes plasma to become a ________

A

gel-like trap

348
Q

fibrin in the presence of calcium ions activates clotting factor____ that _______ fibrin

A

XIII, :cross-links

349
Q

fibrin in the presence of_________ activates clotting factor XIII that:_______&______ the clot

A

calcium ions, strengthens and stabilizes

350
Q

Thromboembolytic Disorders: _______

A

Abnormal Blood Clotting

351
Q

a clot attached to the inside of a vessel wall

A

thrombus:

352
Q

: a free-floating clot that may lodge downstream

A

embolus

353
Q

thromboembolytic disorders lead to ________ (due to atherosclerosis – buildup of plaques)

A

rough vessel surfaces

354
Q

thromboembolytic disorders lead to slow-moving ______ (phlebitis, vericose veins, etc.)

A

blood

355
Q

thromboembolytic disorders lead to large-scale release of _________ substance due to large area of ______ tissue

A

clot-activating, traumatized

356
Q

thromboembolytic disorders lead to imbalance in _______________ mechanisms

A

clotting/anticlotting

357
Q

: stabilization of the clot by platelets squeezing serum from the fibrin strands

A

clot retraction

358
Q

aids in removal of unwanted/unnecessary clots

A

clot dissolution:

359
Q

clot retraction occurs in less than ____

A

an hour

360
Q

fibrin- and fibrinogen-digesting plasmin liquefies _____

A

coagulated blood

361
Q

4 steps of respiration

A

ventilation

external respiration

transport of O2 and CO2

internal respiration

362
Q

In inspiration (inhalation) muscles ____________ contract

A

(diaphragm and external intercostals)

363
Q

In inspiration (inhalation) chest cavity becomes _________ and the pressure in the alveoli _________

A

larger, decreases

364
Q

In inspiration (inhalation) air flows into lungs along ________ (from _______ atmospheric pressure to _________ lung pressure)

A

pressure gradient, higher, lower

365
Q

In expiration (exhalation) muscles diaphragm and external intercostals _____, and the elastic lung tissue _____

A

relax, recoils

366
Q

In expiration (exhalation):chest cavity becomes _____

A

smaller

367
Q

In expiration (exhalation) air flows out of lungs along _____

A

pressure gradient

368
Q

also involves the contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

A

forced exhalation

369
Q

forced exhalation also involves the contraction of the _________ & _________muscles

A

nternal intercostal and abdominal

370
Q

DURING inhalation ______ in volume

A

increase

371
Q

DURING inhalation _____ in pressure

A

decrease

372
Q

during exhalation _____ in volume

A

decrease

373
Q

during exhalation ____ in pressure

A

increase

374
Q

amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing

A

tidal volume

375
Q

average tidal volume is ___ml

A

500

376
Q

amount of air forcefully inhaled after tidal volume inhalation

A

inspritary reserve volume

377
Q

average inspritary reserve volume ____ ml

A

3100 ml

378
Q

amount of air forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

A

expiratory reserve volume

379
Q

average expiratory reserve volume

A

1200 ml

380
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) heart rate ______

A

increases

381
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) stroke volume ______

A

increases

382
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) overall peripherial resistance due to vasoconstriction of both arterioles and veins _________

A

increase

383
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) overall venous return ____

A

increases

384
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) pressure gradient _________

A

increases

385
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) skeletal muscle pump _____

A

increases

386
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) respiratory pump ________

A

increases

387
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) venous vasoconstriction __________

A

increases

388
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) total cardiac output ______

A

increases

389
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic)sympathetic nervous stimulation _______

A

increases

390
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) parasympathetic stimulation ________

A

decreases

391
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic)rate of oxygen use by active cells _____

A

increases

392
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) rate of carbon dioxide production by active cells _______

A

increases

393
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) oxygen level in active muscle ______and then returns to homeostatic set point

A

decreases

394
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) carbon dioxide levels in active muscles _________ and then return to homeostatic set point

A

increases

395
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood pH ______

A

decreases

396
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) magnitude of respirations ______

A

increase

397
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) respiration rate_____

A

increases

398
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to active skeletal muscles ________

A

increases

399
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to intestines and kidneys ______

A

decreases

400
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to cardiac muscle ____

A

increases

401
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to skin ______

A

increases

402
Q

as you go from rest (parasympathetic) to exercise (sympathetic) blood flow to brain _____

A

increases

Anatomy (7 decks)

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