Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Works with the NS to bring about homeostasis.

use specific communication methods and affect specific target organs.

Releases hormones into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body

Longer periods of effect compared to the N.S.

A

endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

secretions released into ducts opening onto epithelial surfaces

located within highly vascularized areas to ensure access to the bloodstream

A

Exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

: ductless organs that secrete their secretions directly into the blood

located within highly vascularized areas to ensure access to the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Molecules that have an effect on specific organs.

Only target cells with specific receptors for the hormone respond to that hormone.

Organs, tissues, or cells lacking the specific receptor do not respond to its stimulating effects.

Three types: peptide, steroid, biogenic

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

most of our body’s hormones

Formed from chains of a.a., also called protein hormones

Combine with receptors on target cell’s membrane, second messenger system

Ex. growth hormone

A

Peptide hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Derived from cholesterol

Easily diffuses through membranes, form hormone-receptor complex in nucleus and can activate specific genes, transcribe mRNA and make proteins.

Ex. testosterone

A

Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid

Can either bind to receptors on membrane or in cytoplasm

Ex. thyroid hormone

A

Biogenic amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A stimulus starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off.

Most common control system used by body

Ex. regulation of the blood glucose levels in the body

A

Negative Feedback Loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities.

Only a few positive feedback loops occur.

Ex. process of milk release from the mammary glands

A

positive feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

As the master control center of the endocrine system, oversees most endocrine activity.

Special cells secrete hormones that influence the secretory activity of the ant. pit. (regulatory hormones)
releasing hormones (RH)  
inhibiting hormones (IH)

Directly oversees the stimulation and hormone secretion of the adrenal medulla.

A

Hypothalamic Control of the Endocrine System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Produces two hormones that are transported to and stored in the posterior pituitary

oxytocin 
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Some endocrine cells are not under direct control of hypothalamus.

Ex. parathyroid hormone

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lies inferior to the hypothalamus.

Small, slightly oval gland housed within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

Attached to the infundibulum

Partitioned into anterior and posterior pituitary.

Controlled by regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus. Hormones reach the ant. pit. via hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

A

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

GH, growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization. Target: all cells

A

Growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TSH, stim. thyroid gland secretions. Target: thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ACTH, stim. glucocorticoid secretions. Target: adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LH, ovulation, uterine lining, progesterone secretion. Target: ovary cells, uterus

A

Luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

FSH, estrogen secretion, follicle development. Target: ovary cells

A

Follicle stimulating hormone:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PRL, milk production. Target: mammary glands

A

Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secretions produced by hypothalamus but released by post. pit

A

neurosecretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

: ADH, reabsorption of water, increase blood volume. Target: kidney

A

Antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ejection of secretions from targets. Target: ductus deferens, prostate. Female: labor contractions, milk ejection. Target: uterus, mammary gland

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Located immediately inferior to the thyroid cartilage (larynx) and anterior to the trachea. Palpated easily, size varies

Distinctive “butterfly” shape due to its left and right lobes, connected at the isthmus.

Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion depends upon a thyroid gland–pituitary gland negative feedback process.

Starts with hypothalamus release of TRH then ant. pit. releases TSH then thyroid gland releases T4 to body cells

A

Thyroid Gland

23
Q

T4, follicle epithelium, regulates metabolism, O2 consumption. Target: most cells

A

Thyroxine

24
Q

CT, C cells, decrease Ca+ con. in body fluids, inhibits osteoclasts, stim. Ca+ excretion by kidneys. Target: bone and kidneys

A

Calcitonin

25
Q

Small, brownish-red glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Usually four small nodules (range two to six)

Two different types of cells in the parathyroid gland:
chief cells
oxyphil cells: function not known.

A

Parathyroid Glands

26
Q

PTH, chief cells,

stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone and release Ca+ from bone matrix into the bloodstream

stimulates calcitriol hormone synthesis in the kidney, promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine

prevents the loss of Ca+ during the formation of urine.

Target: bone, kidney

A

Parathyroid hormone

27
Q

Sits atop kidneys, yellow (lipids) pyramidal shape, surrounded by capsule, retroperitoneal

Synthesize more than 25 different steroid hormones, collectively called corticosteroids.

corticosteroid synthesis is stimulated by the ACTH produced by the ant. pit.

corticosteroids are vital to our survival; trauma to or removal of the adrenal glands requires corticosteroid supplementation throughout life.

A

Adrenal Gland

28
Q

: inner core, blood vessels, with ANS

A

Medulla (adrenal gland)

29
Q

increase HR, cardiac muscle contraction, BP, glycogen breakdown. Target most cells

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine (adrenal gland)

30
Q

outer sections, corticosteriod group

A

Cortex (adrenal gland)

31
Q

increase renal absorption of Na+ & water, increase urinary loss of K+. Target: kidney

A

Aldosterone (adrenal gland)

32
Q

stimulates protein and lipid metabolism and helps reg. blood glucose during stress, anti-inflammatory effect (cortisol). Target: most cells.

A

Glucocorticoid (adrenal gland)

33
Q

Secretes steroid hormones derived from cholesterol,

lipid soluble, go into the cell’s nucleus cause transcription of different Proteins, slow acting!!

A

Corticosteroids

34
Q

Located between stomach and small intestine, slender, pinkish nodular

A

Pancreas

35
Q

secrets digestive enzymes for small intestine

A

Exocrine

36
Q

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A

Endocrine

37
Q

alpha cells, increases blood glucose levels, glycogen & lipid breakdown.
Target: liver, adipose cells

A

Glucagon

38
Q

beta cells, decrease blood glucose levels, uptake of glucose by target cells, promotes glycogen and lipid formation.
Target: most cells

A

Insulin

39
Q

delta cells, inhibits production and secretion of glucagon and insulin. Slows rate of food absorption.
Target: alpha and beta cells

A

Somatostatin

40
Q

F cells, suppresses somatostatin secretion. Target: pancreas

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

41
Q

Small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus.

A

Pineal Gland/body

42
Q

Secretes melatonin
.
helps regulate a circadian rhythm (24-hour body clock)

affects the synthesis of the hypothalamic regulatory hormone (FSH and LH synthesis)

role in sexual maturation is not well understood

derived from serotonin neurotransmitter

A

Pineal Gland/body

43
Q

Bilobed structure located within the mediastinum, superior to heart, posterior to the sternum. Decreases in size as we age.

A

Thymus

44
Q

Functions in association with the lymphatic system to regulate and maintain body immunity.

Produces complementary hormones thymopoietin and thymosins.

hormones act by stimulating and promoting the differentiation, growth, and maturation of lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes: thymus-derived lymphocytes)

A

Thymus

45
Q

Organs of the urinary, cardiovascular, digestive, and reproductive systems contain their own endocrine cells, which secrete their own hormones.

Regulate functions of:
RBC production, BV, BP, electrolytes

digestive system activities, sexual maturation

A

Endocrine Functions of the Heart and GI Tract

46
Q

converts to angiotensin II, stim. secretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortex (maintain electrolyte balance)

A

Renin (kidney)

47
Q

EPO, stim. RBC production by bone marrow. Released when BP and blood O2 drops in kidney

A

Erythropoietin (kidney)

48
Q

released in response to PTH and stim. Ca+ and phosphate absorption by intestine.

A

Calcitriol (kidney)

49
Q

released by right atrium in response to excessive stretch caused by increased BV or BP.

ANP reduces BV by causing water loss and Na+ excretion from blood and urine…decreasing BV and BP.

A

Atriopeptin (atrial natriuretic peptide ANP) (heart)

50
Q

follicle cells, maturation of oocytes, uterine lining and secondary sexual traits. Target most cells

A

Estrogen (ovaries)

51
Q

corpus luteum, prepares uterus for implantation and mammary glands. Target: Uterus/mammary

A

Progesterone (ovaries)

52
Q

follicle cells, decrease FSH. Target : ant pit

A

Inhibin (ovaries)

53
Q

interstitial cells, formation of gametes, secondary sexual characteristics. Target: testes, all cells

A

Testosterone (testes)

54
Q

sustenticular cells, decreases FSH, keeps sperm production normal levels. Target: ant. pit.

A

Inhibin (testes)

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions