general and special senses

Question 1

Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

Stimulus that reaches the cerebral cortex of the brain results in

Answer 2

sensation of that stimulus

Question 3

Stimuli are detected by

Answer 3

receptors.

Question 4

(temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure)

receptors are distributed throughout the skin and organs.

Answer 4

general senses

Question 5

(gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and hearing)

receptors are housed within complex organs in the head

Answer 5

special senses

Question 6

Range in complexity from single-celled dendritic ending of a neuron to complex sense organs.

Monitor both external and internal conditions and conducts information about those stimuli to the CNS.

Answer 6

receptors

Question 7

precise localization and sensitivity are easily determined.

Answer 7

small receptive field

Question 8

only detects the general region of the stimulus.

Answer 8

broad receptive field

Question 9

involved in maintaining our balance to keep our head upright.

remain constant

Answer 9

Tonic receptors

Question 10

signal the increased pressure on our skin

tune out after a while, acclimation

Answer 10

phasic receptors

Question 11

which is a reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus.

Answer 11

acclimation

Question 12

receptors in skin or mucous membranes, open to outside of body

Special senses

Answer 12

exteroceptors

Question 13

receptors located within walls of viscera

Answer 13

Interoceptors

Question 14

receptors in skeletal muscle, tendons, joint capsules

Answer 14

Proprioceptors

Question 15

Detect chemicals; specific molecules dissolved in fluid (odor/taste)

Answer 15

Chemoreceptors

Question 16

Detect changes in temperature

Answer 16

Thermoreceptors

Question 17

Detect changes in light intensity, color, movement in light rays

Answer 17

Photoreceptors

Question 18

Detect physical deformation, (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)

Answer 18

Mechanoreceptors

Question 19

Detect changes within body structure

Answer 19

Baroreceptors

Question 20

Detect tissue damage, pain receptors

Answer 20

Nociceptors

Question 21

gustatory receptors are housed in specialized taste buds on the surface of tongue.

Taste buds lie along sides of epithelial projection (papillae), each bud contains 40 gustatory cells

Works with olfaction

sense of taste

Answer 21

gustation

Question 22

on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

don’t house taste buds, no sensory role

Answer 22

Filiform:

Question 23

primarily on the tip and sides

contain only a few taste buds each

Answer 23

Fungiform

Question 24

(circumvallate): arranged in an inverted V on the posterior dorsal surface

least numerous yet largest, high # of taste buds

each is surrounded by a deep, narrow depression

Answer 24

Vallate

Question 25

extend as ridges on posteriolateral sides

house only a few taste buds during childhood, not well developed on the human tongue.

Answer 25

Foliate

Question 26

The tongue detects five basic taste sensations:

salty: metal ions (sodium, potassium)
sweet: organic compounds (sugar)
sour: hydrogen ions from acids (lemon)
bitter: alkaloids (brussel sprouts, poisons)
umami: detects amino acids., pleasant taste, chicken-soup
Water: pharynx

Answer 26

Gustatory Discrimination

Question 27

detect odors, bipolar neurons synapse with olfactory bulbs

Answer 27

Receptor cells

Question 28

sandwich the olfactory nerves and sustain and maintain the receptors

Answer 28

Supporting cells

Question 29

function as stem cells to replace olfactory epithelium components

Answer 29

Basal cells

Question 30

(photoreceptors) in the eyes to detect light, color, and movement.

Answer 30

Visual receptors

Question 31

provide a superficial covering over its anterior exposed surface

Answer 31

Conjunctiva

Question 32

prevent foreign objects from coming into contact with eye

Answer 32

Eyebrows, eyelashes, & eyelids

Question 33

keep the exposed surface moist, clean, and lubricated

Answer 33

Lacrimal glands

Question 34

Lacks photoreceptors

Blind spot because no image forms there.

Answer 34

optic disc

Question 35

lateral to the optic disc is a rounded, yellowish region of the retina, containing a pit called the fovea centralis (the area of sharpest vision). (contains the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods

Answer 35

Macula lutea

Question 36

space anterior to the lens and posterior to the cornea (aqueous humor)

between the iris and cornea

Answer 36

anterior cavity

Question 37

area behind the lens (vitreous humor)

is between the lens and the iris

Answer 37

posterior cavity

Question 38

maintain shape of eye, thick gelatinous material

Answer 38

Vitreous humor

Question 39

removes waste products, fluid

secreted into the posterior chamber, flows around lens, through pupil & into anterior chamber

drains via canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus)

Answer 39

Aqueous humor:

Question 40

processed by the thalamus and then interpreted by visual association areas in the cerebrum.

Answer 40

Visual stimulus information

Question 41

some axons from the optic nerve decussate.

Answer 41

optic chiasm

Question 42

on each side then contains axons from both eyes.

Answer 42

The optic tract

Question 43

conducts visual stimulus information

Answer 43

Each optic nerve

Question 44

External Auditory Canal/Meatus

Pinna/Auricle

Helix/Antihelix

Tragus/Antitragus

Tympanic membrane

Function: helps to funnel sounds into canal

Answer 44

external ear

Question 45

Contains an air-filled tympanic cavity.

Medially, a bony wall of the oval window and round window separates the middle ear from the inner ear.

Maintains an open connection with the atmosphere through the auditory tube (Eustachian tube).

Houses the auditory ossicles.
malleus, incus, and stapes

Answer 45

the middle ear

Question 46

opens into the nasopharynx (upper throat) from the middle ear

air movement through this tube (as a result of chewing, yawning, and swallowing) allows the pressure to equalize on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Answer 46

Eustachian tube

Question 47

Receptors sense hearing and equilibrium; housed in fluid-filled tubes/chambers

Membranous labyrinth (endolymph), bony labyrinth (perilymph)

Vestibule, semicircular canals, utricle, saccule, ampulla/cupula, maculae, otolith/statoconia

Cochlea; cochlear, tympanic and vestibular ducts; organ of corti, tectorial membrane

Answer 47

the inner ear

Question 48

Rotation of the head causes endolymph within semicircular canal to push against the cupula covering the hair cells results in bending of the hairs the initiation of a nerve impulse.

Answer 48

Equilibrium