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Anatomy > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Ingest, transport and digest food (Mechanical: peristalsis & segmentation & Chemical)

Absorbs nutrients into blood.

Expels the waste products from the body (defecation).

Two separate categories of organs:
Digestive organs and accessory digestive organs.

Collectively make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (digestive tract or alimentary canal)

starts at mouth & ends at anus

A

digestive system

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2
Q

Forms a continuous tube, about 30 feet (9–10 meters) from the mouth to the anus.

From the esophagus through the large intestine is a tube composed of four concentric layers (Tunics)

A

GI tract

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3
Q

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

A

GI tract organs

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4
Q

epithelium, connective tissue (CT), smooth muscle, glands. May have folds to increase surface area & expansion.

A

Mucosa (GI tract tunics)

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5
Q

CT, glands, blood vessels

A

submucosa (GI tract tunics)

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6
Q

two layers of smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal), sphincters. Mechanical processing, propulsion, parasym & sym innervation

A

Muscularis: (GI tract tunics)

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7
Q

serous membrane, protective outer layer

A

Adventitia/serosa (GI tract tunics)

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8
Q

Protects against corrosive effects of digestive enzymes and acids

Defense against swallowed/resident pathogens

Mechanical stresses/abrasions

A

GI tract lining

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9
Q

Food is taken into the mouth where mechanical and chemical digestion takes place.

A

introduction

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10
Q

Entrance to the GI tract.

Initial site of mechanical digestion (mastication) and chemical digestion (enzymes in saliva).

Anteriorly by the teeth/lips Posteriorly by the oropharynx Superior by the hard/soft palates Inferiorly contains the tongue and Laterally by the cheeks.

Vestibule is the space between the cheeks, lips and gums.

Tongue: manipulates material inside mouth that leads to swallowing. Papilla, skeletal muscle, lingual frenulum, lingual tonsils

A

Oral cavity (mouth)

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11
Q

When swallowing, the soft palate and the uvula elevate to close off the opening of the nasopharynx.

A

palate

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12
Q

anterior two-thirds, maxilla & palatine bones

A

hard palate (palate)

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13
Q

: posterior one-third is soft and muscular

A

soft palate (palate)

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14
Q

: extends inferiorly from the posterior part of the soft palate

A

uvula (palate)

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15
Q

: lateral walls of oral cavity

A

palatine tonsils (palate)

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16
Q

Moistens ingested food, turns into bolus.

Moistens and cleanses the oral cavity structures.

Contains antibodies and an antibacterial element that help inhibit bacterial growth.

First step in chemical digestion occurs when amylase begins to break down carbohydrates.

Watery medium into which food molecules are dissolved so taste receptors can be stimulated.

Volume secreted daily ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 L. Most is produced during mealtime

A

salivary gland functions

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17
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands:

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands

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18
Q

largest salivary glands, anterior and inferior to the ear, partially overlying the masseter muscle.

Produce about 25–30% of the saliva

Secretes fluid rich in amylase to breakdown carbs.

A

Parotid (salivary gland)

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19
Q

Inferior to the body of the mandible. A duct from each gland opens on the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum.

Produces most of the saliva (about 60–70%).

Secretes semi-viscous fluid

A

submandibular (salivary gland)

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20
Q

: Inferior to the tongue. Each gland extends multiple tiny ducts that open onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity.

Contribute only about 3–5% of the total saliva.

Secretes thick, stringy mucous

A

sublingual (salivary gland)

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21
Q

Responsible for mastication, the first part of the mechanical digestion process.

A tooth has an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or more roots that anchor it in the jaw.

Roots of the teeth fit tightly into alveoli, within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and the mandible.

Two sets of teeth develop and erupt during a normal lifetime.

In an infant, 20 deciduous/primary teeth erupt between 6 and 30 months.

These teeth are eventually lost and replaced by 32 permanent/secondary teeth.

A

teeth

22
Q

incisors, cuspids/canines, bicuspids/premolars, molars.

A

types of teeth

23
Q

the roots, alveoli, and ligament (that binds the roots to the alveolar processes)

A

Gomphosis joint

24
Q

passageway for food, air and liquids, pharyngeal muscles initiate swallowing of bolus

A

Pharynx

25
Q

long muscular tube (1 ft). Posterior to trachea, goes into peritoneal cavity (esophageal hiatus) and empties into stomach

A

Esophagus

26
Q

leakage can cause ‘heart burn’ or ‘reflux’

A

Upper esophageal sphincter, lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

27
Q

Located in upper left quad. of abdominal cavity

Acts as temporary storage for food with limited amount of absorption

Mechanical breakdown of food, digestion of proteins aided by gastric juices (hydrochloric acid pH2.0) and digestive enzymes.

Lined by simple columnar epithelium and renewed every 3-6 days.

Regions/parts: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus, rugae, pyloric sphincter

Bolus becomes chyme

A

stomach

28
Q

Stabilize position of attached organs, access for B.V., nerves and lymphatic

A

Mesentaries

29
Q

between stomach and liver

A

Lesser omentum

30
Q

posterior to stomach body wall to anterior surface of intestines

A

greater omentum

31
Q

energy storage, insulation

A

adipose

32
Q

Finishes the chemical digestion process, responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients.

Ingested nutrients spend at least 12 hours.

Coiled, thin-walled tube about 20 feet in length.

Extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the cecum of the large intestine, occupies a significant portion of the abdominal cavity.

A

small intestine

33
Q

first segment, originates at the pyloric sphincter. Receives secretions from liver and pancreas, mostly fixed in position

A

Duodenum (small intestine)

34
Q

middle region, lots of digestion & absorption, free moving

A

Jejunum: (small intestine)

35
Q

last region, ends at the ileocecal valve, free moving. Contains less villi.

A

Ileum (small intestine)

36
Q

Secretions of intestinal juices and mucus to help dissolve nutrients for absorption, buffer lining, & enzymes to aid in digest saccharides, peptides and fats

A

wall structures

37
Q

increase S.A. and aid in absorption & chemical digestion

A

Intestinal villi:

38
Q

increase S.A. and slows food down

A

Circular folds

39
Q

Absorbs water & electrolytes from the remaining digested material that compacts to form feces.

Stores feces until the body is ready to defecate.

Approximate length is 5 feet (1.5 m).

Secretions: only mucus to lubricate and buffer chyme

A

large intestine

40
Q

4 segments of the large intestine

A

cecum

colon: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

rectum

anal canal: internal anal sphincter (involuntary) & external anal sphincter (voluntary)

41
Q

Right and left lobe, separated by ligaments (falciform, coronary & round), surrounded by fibrous capsule

Highly vascular, reddish in color

Dual blood supply:

Hepatic veins drain into inferior vena cava
Cells can regenerate

A

liver

42
Q

blood from digestive tract brings newly absorbed nutrient to liver

A

Hepatic portal vein:

43
Q

: brings oxygenated blood

A

Hepatic artery proper

44
Q

Synthesize blood plasma proteins such as albumins, globulins, and proteins required for blood clotting.

Breaks down & recycles components of aged RBCs and other damaged formed elements.

Phagocytic macrophages filter out foreign particles and damaged RBC

Produces bile: a greenish fluid that assists chemical digestion by breaking down fats.

Stored in gall bladder

Maintenance of normal blood glucose, a.a. (deamination) & f.a. conc.

Removes toxic substances. Detoxifies drugs, metabolites, and poisons.

Storage of glycogen, lipid reserves, iron and Vit. A, D, E, K and release them when they are needed.

A

functions of the liver

45
Q

Pear shaped sac located under liver.

Concentrates bile produced by the liver and stores until needed for digestion

Cystic duct connects gallbladder to the common bile duct

A

gall bladder

46
Q

bile drains from the left and right hepatic ducts into common hepatic duct to the cystic duct. The cystic duct and common hepatic duct merge to form common bile duct.

A

Biliary apparatus (gall bladder)

47
Q

Water, bile salts, pigments, cholesterol and electrolytes

Salts are required for normal lipid digestion and absorption (emulsifies), plus it helps with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol.

Other material help to dilute and buffer the chyme

A

bile

48
Q

Found beneath the stomach and associated with small intestine

Pancreatic duct runs through middle

Endocrine functions are performed by the pancreatic islets.

Exocrine activity results in the secretion of pancreatic juices by pancreatic acini cells into the duodenum.

Contains enzymes capable of digesting proteins, carbs and fats.

A

Pancreas

49
Q

: manipulates material inside mouth that leads to swallowing. Papilla, skeletal muscle, lingual frenulum, lingual tonsils

A

tongue

50
Q

only mucus to lubricate and buffer chyme

A

secretions

Anatomy (7 decks)

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