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BIO 110 > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

diffusion (definition)

A

movement of molecules across a selective (semi-permeable) barrier from high concentration to low concentration

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2
Q

selective (semi-permeable) barrier (definition and example)

A

barrier that allows water molecules to pass thru, but not most of the molecules dissolved in the water

ex. plasma membrane

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3
Q

osmosis (definition)

A

diffusion of water molecules across a selective (semi-permeable) barrier from high concentration to low concentration

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4
Q

solutes

A

molecules that are dissolved in water

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5
Q

concentration of water is determined by:

A

concentration of solutes in the water

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6
Q

solute potential (psi s) (definition)

A

measure of the concentration of solutes dissolved in water

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7
Q

pure water has ___ solutes

psi s = ___

A

no solutes

psi s = 0

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8
Q

psi s = 0 (value and what it means for water)

A

highest value

water molecules are most concentrated

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9
Q

adding solutes ____ psi s

A

lowers

psi s < 0 (negative value)

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10
Q

as solute concentration increases, psi s ____ and water concentration _____

A

psi s decreases

water concentration decreases

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11
Q

water moves from areas of ____ psi s to areas of _____ psi s

areas of ___ water [ ] —> areas of ___ water [ ]

areas of ___ solute [ ] —> areas of ___ solute [ ]

areas of ___ solute potential —> areas of ___ solute potential

A

higher psi s –> lower psi s

higher water [ ] —> lower water [ ]

lower solute [ ] —> higher solute [ ]

higher solute potential —> lower solute potential

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12
Q

water will move until the psi s is ______ on both sides

A

equal on both sides

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13
Q

osmosis in cells

plasma membranes –

cells depend on the regulated movement of ___ ___ across the PM to ___ ___

A

osmosis is critical to survival of cells

plasma membranes – semi-permeable barriers

cells depend on the regulated movement of water molecules across the PM to stay alive

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14
Q

if psi s on inside and outside of cell are equal…

A

water is entering and leaving the cell in equal amounts

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15
Q

if psi s is higher outside of a cell than inside…

A

water will rush into cell
cell will swell
cell could burst (lysis)

psi s is higher outside cell
water [ ] higher outside cell
solute potential higher outside
solute [ ] higher inside cell

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16
Q

if psi s is higher inside of a cell the outside…

A

water will rush out of cell
cell will shrink
cell could dehydrate and die

psi s higher inside cell
water [ ] higher inside cell
solute potential higher inside cell
solute [ ] higher outside cell

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17
Q

medical application of osmosis in brain

A

blood brain barrier keeps most medicines from entering brain

lower psi s of blood (inject solute – Mannitol) –>
water moves out of capillary wall cells –>
capillary wall cells shrink slightly and create an opening b/n cells –>
medicine can pass into brain

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18
Q

energy (definition)

A

capacity to do work

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19
Q

2 forms of energy:

A

kinetic and potential

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20
Q

kinetic energy (definition and examples)

A

energy of motion, variety of forms:

- heat, light, mechanical

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21
Q

potential energy (definition and examples)

A

stored energy:

- concentration gradients, chemical bonds

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22
Q

thermodynamics (definition)

A

branch of chemistry that deals w/ energy transformations (changes)

can be boiled down to 2 main laws:

  • 1st Law of Thermodynamics
  • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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23
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

conservation law

energy cannot be created or destroyed

energy can only change from one form of energy to another

total amount of energy in universe remains constant

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24
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

no energy transfer is 100% efficient

some energy is always lost (usually as heat) and becomes unusable energy

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25
Q

entropy

A

unusable energy

entropy in universe is continuously increasing

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26
Q

free energy (definition and what is happening to free energy in universe?)

A

usable energy

usable energy in universe is continuously decreasing

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27
Q

calculating Gibbs free energy (usable energy)

A

G = H - TS

G = free energy, energy available to do work
H = enthalpy, total amount of energy in a molecule's chem bonds
(TS) = amount of disorder in a molecule
T = absolute temp
S = entropy, unusable energy
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28
Q

change in free energy after chem reactions (reactants —> products)

A

chem reactions begin w/ the reactants (reactants have a certain amount of free energy)

chem reactions end w/ the products (products have a certain amount of free energy)

products will either have more or less free energy than the reactants

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29
Q

2 types of reactions

A

exergonic

endergonic

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30
Q

what determines the type of reaction?

A

change in free energy

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31
Q

-∆G

what type of reaction is this?

A

exergonic reaction

products have < free energy than reactants

energy is released, can be used to do work

rxn can be spontaneous – rxn has potential to occur on its own w/o extra energy input

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32
Q

+∆G

what type of reaction is this?

A

endergonic reaction

products have > free energy than reactants

energy is absorbed – input of energy is required

never spontaneous – rxn will not occur w/o energy input

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33
Q

graph of endergonic rxn

A

G of products > G of reactants

+∆G – energy is absorbed

endergonic rxns require energy input

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34
Q

graph of exergonic rxn

A

G of products < G of reactants

-∆G – energy is released

overall net release of energy

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35
Q

in cells (relationship b/n ender and exergonic rxns)

A

free energy released by exergonic rxns can be used to drive endergonic rxns forward

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36
Q

reaction coupling

A

exergonic and endergonic rxns are coupled together

energy to drive endergonic rxns comes from exergonic rxns

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37
Q

ATP (definition)

A

adenosine triphosphate
type of nucleic acid
energy currency of cell
energy storage molecule

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38
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

exergonic rxn

reactants – (higher free energy) ATP and H2O
products – (lower free energy) ADP + other products

-∆G – energy is released. energy is used to power endergonic rxns in a cell

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39
Q

structure of ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

adenine (nitrogenous base)
ribose (5-carbon sugar)
3 phosphate groups (negatively charged)

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40
Q

hydrolysis of ATP to ADP _____ energy

A

releases energy

ATP –> ADP – taking away one of the phosphate groups

AMP is lowest G state

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41
Q

exergonic ATP hydrolysis

A

G of reactants > G of products

-∆G: energy is released and can be used to power an endergonic rxn

reactants: ATP & H2O
products: ADP and other products

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42
Q

example of coupled reactions

A

hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic:
ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi
-∆G

synthesis of glutamine is endergonic:
glutamate + NH4 –> glutamine
+∆G

coupling the rxns:

reactants: glutamate + NH4 + ATP + H2O
products: glutamine + ADP + Pi
net: exergonic

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43
Q

ATP cycle (know the diagram)

A

ATP hydrolysis:

ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi

exergonic – releases energy –> becomes energy for endergonic cellular processes

ATP synthesis:

ADP + Pi –> ATP + H2O
endergonic – requires energy –> uses energy from exergonic cellular rxns

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44
Q

kinetics of a rxn

A

rate at which rxn occurs

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45
Q

thermodynamics of a rxn

A

refers to whether energy was released or absorbed

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46
Q

relationship b/n TD and kinetics of a rxn

A

TDs say nothing about the rates of rxns

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47
Q

what is rate of rxn dependent on?

A

activation energy – how much AE is required

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48
Q

activation energy (definition)

A

amount of G required to start a chem rxn

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49
Q

rxns w/ high AE have ___ rate of rxn

A

low

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50
Q

rxns w/ low AE have ___ rate of rxn

A

high

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51
Q

2 components of AE

A

collision energy of reactants

orientation of reactants during collisions

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52
Q

catalysts (mechanism)

A

lower AE and increase rate of rxn

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53
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts that can:

1) hold reactants in favorable orientations
2) stress the chem bonds of reactants

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54
Q

enzymes ___ AE of a rxn, which makes rxn occur at ___ rate

A

lower AE

faster rate

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55
Q

4 categories of organisms (relating to energy and carbon sources)

A

photoautotroph
chemoautotroph
photoheterotroph
chemoautotroph

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56
Q

photoautotroph (energy and carbon source, examples)

A

energy source - light
carbon source - CO2

ex. plants & some bacteria

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57
Q

chemoautotroph (energy and carbon source, examples)

A

energy source - chemicals
carbon source - CO2

ex. some bacteria

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58
Q

photoheterotroph (energy and carbon source, examples)

A

energy source - light
carbon source - organic

ex. some bacteria

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59
Q

chemoheterotrophs (energy and carbon source, examples)

A

energy source - chemicals
carbon source - organic

ex. animals

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60
Q

factors in ecosystem

A

abiotic – nonliving

biotic – living

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61
Q

examples of abiotic factors

A

light, temp, H2O, pressure, etc.

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62
Q

examples of biotic factors

A

producers, consumers, decomposers

63
Q

how does energy flow thru an ecosystem?

A

energy flow:

sunlight –> producers –> consumers –> decomposers –> heat

64
Q

energy from sun:

earth and living things are ___ ___

sun radiates ___ calories of energy/sec and only a ___ reaches earth

___ of energy that reaches earth is reflected by clouds and dust in atmosphere

less than ___ is absorbed by producers (plants)

A

earth and living things are open systems

sun radiates 10^26 calories of energy/sec & only a fraction reaches earth

50% of energy that reaches earth is reflected by clouds and dust in atmosphere

less than 1% is absorbed by producers (plants)

65
Q

trophic (definition)

A

refers to food or nourishment

66
Q

trophic level (definition)

A

describes where an organism is in the food chain (or food web)

67
Q

energy flow thru a food chain begins w/ ___

A

producers

68
Q

producers occupy ___ trophic level

A

1st trophic level

69
Q

consumers occupy ___ trophic levels

A

the remaining trophic levels (2nd and above)

70
Q

energy flow thru trophic levels (1-4) – (types of organisms)

A

producers –> primary consumers (herbivores) –> secondary consumers (carnivores) –> tertiary consumers (top carnivores)

decomposers (bacteria, detritivores, fungi)

71
Q

energy transfer b/n trophic levels is very ___

A

inefficient

72
Q

efficiency of energy transfer b/n trophic levels is about (amount)

A

~10% (90% energy loss)

73
Q

how is energy lost between tropic levels?

A

1) some energy is lost in feces - inefficient energy absorption during digestion

2) some energy is lost bc it can’t be extracted
energy in: cellulose, hair, claws, feather, etc.

3) some energy is lost “staying alive”:
moving, metabolizing, breathing, lost as heat

74
Q

ex. beef cattle (eat plants for energy)

A

62% of energy taken in by the cow is lost

  • either isn’t extracted by the cow (lost in feces)
  • or is locked up in indigestible structures like hooves, horns, etc.

34% of energy is used living and “staying alive”

only 4% of the energy cow consume will be available to next trophic level (96% loss)

75
Q

energy transfer b/n trophic levels is very inefficient… (affect on # of trophic levels)

A

limits the # of trophic levels that can be supported

76
Q

energy transfers b/n trophic levels (start out w/ 1000 calories in 1st trophic level)

A

1000 calories produced by photosynthesis at 1st trophic level

100 calories are transferred to the 2nd trophic level

10 calories transferred to the 3rd trophic level

1 calorie transferred to the 4th trophic level

77
Q

primary components of organisms

A

6 primary atoms:

CHONPS

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur
78
Q

all macromolecules of lipids, carbs, DNA, RNA, and proteins have…

A

CHO

79
Q

elemental building blocks of lipids

A

CHOP

lemon pie

80
Q

elemental building blocks contained in carbohydrates

A

CHO

81
Q

elemental building blocks contained in DNA/RNA

A

CHOPN

dippin pine nuts

82
Q

elemental building blocks contained in proteins

A

CHONS

party never stops

83
Q

can energy be recycled?

A

no; it only changes forms; eventually all energy is lost as heat

84
Q

can matter be recycled?

A

yes

limited amount of CHONPS on Earth

each element cycles into and out of living systems in different ways

85
Q

element’s reservoir (definition)

A

where element is when not part of organism

86
Q

cycling of CHONPS

A

elements cycle b/n reservoirs and organisms

incorporation: reservoir of element –> organisms return: organisms –> reservoir

(remember diagram)

87
Q

primary reservoir (PR) for Carbon

A

CO2 in atmosphere

88
Q

primary reservoir (PR) for Nitrogen

A

N2 in atmosphere

89
Q

primary reservoir (PR) for Oxygen

A

H2O molecules

90
Q

primary reservoir (PR) for Hydrogen

A

H2O molecules

91
Q

primary reservoir (PR) for Phosphorus

A

soil and ocean beds

92
Q

primary reservoir (PR) for Sulfur

A

soil and ocean beds

93
Q

some common reservoirs

A

water, atmosphere, sediment

94
Q

cycling of CHO connects ___ & ___

A

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

remember diagram

95
Q

nitrogen is needed for what type of macromolecules?

A

proteins and nucleic acids

96
Q

___% of air is N2

A

80%

97
Q

why is atmospheric N2 not usable by most organisms?

A

N2 is very inert, unreactive

98
Q

nitrogen enters into ecosystems thru ___

A

nitrogen fixation

99
Q

nitrogen fixation (general description)

A

nitrogen goes from its reservoir in atmosphere and enters ecosystems thru nitrogen fixation

100
Q

nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) do what?

A

convert unusable inert N2 into reactive, usable ammonia (NH3) and nitrate (NO3-)

(remember diagram)

101
Q

where do NFB live?

A

soil & on roots of some plants

102
Q

nitrogen recycling (mechanism)

A

1) plants incorporate the NH3 (ammonia) and NO3- (nitrate) into macromolecules (MMs)
2) N-containing MMs are taken up by consumers and taken up by decomposers
3) decomposers in soil convert the nitrogen in MMs back into NH3 (ammonia) and NO3- (nitrate) –> (soil)

(remember diagram)

103
Q

nitrogen fixation provides ___% of the N needed for living things

A

~5%

104
Q

nitrogen recycling provides ___% of the N needed for living things

A

~95%

105
Q

denitrification (definition and what carries it out)

A

process where N is retuned to the air as N2

carried out by bacteria

106
Q

nitrogen fixation in agriculture:

global crop production is supported by ___-___ ___ (made by industrial nitrogen fixation)

production of N-containing fertilizers has ___ the natural rate of nitrogen fixation

___ of the world’s energy supply is used to fix nitrogen for use in fertilizers

A

global crop production is supported by nitrogen-containing fertilizers (made by industrial nitrogen fixation)

production of N-containing fertilizers has doubled the natural rate of nitrogen fixation

1-2% of the world’s energy supply is used to fix nitrogen for use in fertilizers

107
Q

phosphorus is important for (macromolecules)

A

nucleotides (ATP)
nucleic acid polymers (RNA/DNA)
phospholipids (plasma membranes)

108
Q

phosphorus cycle (steps)

A

plants incorporate P from sediment
animals eat plants
plants/animals die and decomposers return P to sediment
plants incorporate it again and the cycle begins again

109
Q

sulfur is important for (macromolecules, critical for ___ ___)

A

found in certain amino acids (proteins)

critical for protein folding

110
Q

sulfur cycle (steps)

A

plants incorporate S from sediment
animals eat plants
plants/animals die and decomposers return S to the sediment
plants incorporate it again and the cycle begins again

111
Q

reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions occur when…

A

molecules gain or lose electrons

112
Q

oxidation is ___ of electrons

A

loss

113
Q

reduction is ___ of electrons

A

gain

114
Q

redox reactions are coupled

A

as molecules gain electrons – are reduced
other molecules must lose electrons – be oxidized

electrons taken from oxidized molecules are transferred to reduce other molecules

115
Q

importance of redox rxns

A

chains of redox rxns results in a flow of electrons called an electron transport chain

116
Q

electron transport chain (definition)

A

chain of redox rxns that results in a “flow” of electrons

117
Q

electron carriers (definition)

A

molecules and enzymes that make up the ETC

118
Q

electron carriers (function)

A 
accept electrons (become reduced) and 
donate electrons (become oxidized)
119
Q

affinity of electron carriers (ECs) for electrons

A

different ECs have different affinities for electrons

first EC in ETC has lowest electron affinity

each EC in the ETC has increasingly more affinity for electrons

last EC in an ETC has the most electron affinity

ECs and ETC are critical to photosynthesis and cellular respiration

120
Q

photosynthesis (chemical equation)

A

sunlight + CO2 + H20 –> glucose (sugar) + O2

121
Q

photosynthesis (general terms)

A

light energy powers the production of glucose (energy is transferred)

122
Q

efficiency of energy transfer in photosynthesis

A

30%;

30% of photon energy ends up stored as chemical energy (glucose)

123
Q

site of photosynthesis

A

division of labor in chloroplasts

thylakoid membranes contain the pigments (chlorophylls) that capture light energy

stroma: where glucose is made

124
Q

2 parts to photosynthesis

A

light reactions (light dependent rxns)

dark reactions (light independent rxns – doesn’t occur at night) AKA Calvin Benson cycle

125
Q

light reactions occur at the ___ ___

A

thylakoid membrane

126
Q

light reactions require:

A

light as an energy source

H2O as an electron source

127
Q

light reactions produce:

A

ATP as an energy storage molecule
NADPH as an electron carrier (reduced form)
O2 as a byproduct

128
Q

dark reactions occur in the ___

A

stroma

129
Q

dark reactions require:

A

CO2 as a carbon source
ATP (from light rxns) as an energy source
NADPH (from light rxns) as an electron source

130
Q

dark reactions produce:

A

glucose (energy storage molecule – C6H12O6)
ADP + Pi (from ATP hydrolysis)
NADP+ (from oxidation of NADPH)

131
Q

pigment molecules (like chlorophylls) are critical to the light reactions bc they _____

A

capture light energy

132
Q

chlorophylls are contained w/in structures called ___

A

photosystems

133
Q

photosystems are located in ___

A

thylakoid membranes

134
Q

photon energy is captured by ___ contained in ___

A

chlorophylls contained in photosystems

135
Q

photon capture (mechanism)

A

antenna chlorophylls (AC) capture photon energy

photon energy radiated from AC to AC

energy captured by the reaction center chlorophyll (RCC)

energy is absorbed by electrons in the RCC

energized electrons are:

1) ejected from RCC
2) captured by an electron carrier
3) enter into an electron transport chain

ejected electrons are replaced

136
Q

where are the photosystems located?

A

thylakoid membrane

137
Q

PS2 gets replacement electrons from ___

A

H20

138
Q

PS1 gets its electrons from ___

A

PS2

139
Q

in both PS1 and PS2, antenna chlorophyll ___

A

capture light energy

140
Q

in both PS1 and PS2, photon energy is used to ___ w/in

A

energy electrons w/in reaction center chlorophylls (RCC)

141
Q

in PS2, energized electrons enter the ___ and are transported from ___

A

electron transport chain and are transported from PS2 to PS1

142
Q

in PS2, energy from the electrons in ETC is used to ___

A

produce ATP

143
Q

in PS2, ___ is used to produce ATP

A

energy from the electrons in ETC

144
Q

in PS2, replacement electrons come from ___

A

H2O

145
Q

in PS2, ___ enter the ETC and are transported from PS2 to PS1

A

energized electrons

146
Q

in PS2, ___ come from H2O

A

replacement electrons

147
Q

in PS1, replacement electrons come from ___

A

PS2

148
Q

in PS1, ___ come from PS2

A

replacement electrons

149
Q

in PS1, de-energized electrons from PS2 are ___

A

re-energized w/ photon energy

150
Q

in PS1, ___ from PS2 are re-energized w/ photon energy

A

de-energized electrons

151
Q

in PS1, energized electrons are transferred to ___, thereby ___ to ___

A

NADP+
thereby reducing it to
NADPH

152
Q

in PS1, ___ are transferred to NADP+, thereby reducing it to NADPH

A

energized electrons

153
Q

detritivore (definition)

A

an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus (plant waste)

BIO 110 (7 decks)

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