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BIO 110 > Lab Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

evolution (definition)

A

occurs when the genetic composition of a population changes over time.

5 factors play a role in evolution under Hardy-Weinberg law.

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2
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

population (definition)

A

localized group of interbreeding species members

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3
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

genotype (definition)

A

the genetic composition of an individual is its genotype

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4
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

genotype frequency (definition)

A

fraction of a population w/ a particular genotype

of individuals w/ the genotype/# of individuals in the population

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5
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

allele (definition)

A

each gene variant is a particular allele

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6
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

allele frequency (definition)

A

fraction of a particular allele in a population’s gene pool

of allele/gene pool

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7
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

gene pool (definition)

A

entire collection of alleles in a population

total # of individual alleles in the population

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8
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

5 assumptions for genetic equilibrium in a population

A

1) population must be so large that chance alone cannot significantly alter allele frequencies
2) populations must be isolated so none of its members may leave (emigrate), nor may the population be joined by organisms from elsewhere (immigration)
3) the choice of mates must be entirely random
4) there must be no genetic mutations
5) there must be no natural selection

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9
Q

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

in real populations, are all assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ever met? Why or why not?

A

No; populations are rarely isolated, mutation is always at work, natural selection is always at work

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10
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants (definition)

A

eukaryotic autotrophs that use chlorophylls a and b to carry out photosynthesis. Also has carotenoids

cell walls made of cellulose

reproduce thru gametes (egg and sperm)

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11
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

gametes

A

egg and sperm

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12
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

gametes fuse to form ___

A

zygote

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13
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

___ fuse to form zygote

A

gametes

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14
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the zygote contains ___ sets of ___, one from sperm and one from egg

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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15
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

when there are 2 chromosomes of each type in a cell, the cell is ___

A

diploid

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16
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

when there are ___ of each type in a cell, the cell is diploid

A

2 chromosomes

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17
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the diploid zygote multiplies via ___

A

mitosis

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18
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the ___ ___ multiplies via mitosis

A

diploid zygote

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19
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

all the cells that arise from a zygote via mitotic cell division are ___

A

diploid

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20
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the multicellular, diploid plant that grows from the zygote is called a ___

A

sporophyte

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21
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the ___, ___ plant that grows from the zygote is called a sporophyte

A

multicellular, diploid

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22
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

sporophyte (definition)

A

the multicellular, diploid plant that grows form the zygote

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23
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

sporophytes reproduce using ___ egg and sperm

A

haploid egg and sperm

24
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

diploid sporophytes make haploid gametes thru 2 steps (detailed):

A

1) produce spores via meiosis
2) haploid spore cell grows thru mitotic division –> produces a haploid plant (multicellular body of haploid cells) –> gametophyte produces gametes (haploid) via mitosis

25
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

gametophyte

A

haploid plant

26
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

diploid sporophytes make haploid gametes thru 2 steps (summary):

A

1) sporophyte produces spores thru meiosis

2) gametophyte produces gametes thru mitosis

27
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

alternation of generations:

A

in plant’s life cycle: alternation b/n:

diploid, spore-producing phase and

haploid, gamete-producing phase

28
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

chlorophytes are ___

example of chlorophytes

A

green algae

Chlamydomonas
Spirogyra

29
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

chlorophytes (properties)

A

unicellular embryos (other members of plant kingdom have multicellular embryos)

live on land, freshwater, or sea

30
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

chlamydomonas (category and properties)

A

type of chlorophyte – green algae
type of green plant

unicellular embryos

live on land, freshwater, or sea

31
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

spirogyra (properties)

A

type of chlorophyte – green algae
type of green plant

unicellular embryos

live on land, freshwater, or sea

32
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

nontracheophytes are the ___

examples of nontracheophytes

A

simplest of land plants

liverworts (ex. Marchantia) and mosses (ex. Polytrichum)

33
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

nontracheophyte (properties)

A

live in moist habitats on land

small and have some water-conducting tissue

lack tracheids (specialized tissue for water transport w/n the plant)

34
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

nontracheophyte:

___ are the most common nontracheophytes

A

mosses

35
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

nontracheophyte:

moss:

the ___ generation of moss is somewhat more prominent than its ___ generation

A

gametophyte generation is more prominent than sporophyte generation

36
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

nontracheophyte:

moss:

the sporophyte consist of a ___

the gametophyte is the ___

A

sporophyte: stalk topped w/ a capsule full of spores
gametophyte: leafy part that is characteristic of moss

37
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

nontracheophyte:

in Marchantia (a liverwort), the gametophyte is more prominent and is ___-shaped

A

lobe-shaped

38
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

Marchantia (category and properties)

A

type of liverwort
type of nontracheophyte – simplest of land plants
type of green plant

lobe-shaped gametophyte
lives in moist habitats on land
lack tracheids

39
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

Polytrichum (category and properties)

A

type of moss
type of nontracheophyte – simplest of land plants
type of green plant

leafy gametophyte
lives in moist habitats on land
lack tracheids

40
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophyte plants are ___

examples of tracheophytes

A

much better adapted for terrestrial (land) habitats than are nonvascular plants

lycophytes (club mosses)
pterophytes
seed-bearing vascular plants
trees that grow as tall as 100 meters from ground

41
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophyte (properties)

A

have transport systems to:

carry water from the soil to all parts of the plants

conduct nutrients made by some parts of the plant to other parts of the plant

42
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

lycophytes are ___ and a category of ___

examples of lycophytes

A

lycophytes are club mosses and a category of tracheophytes

Selaginella

43
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

lycophytes (properties)

A

have roots, stems, and leaves

have vascular system to provide transport

leaves of lycophytes (lycophylls) have only 1 unbranced vein

sporophyte produces a club-shaped reproductive structure called a strobilus at the top of plant that produces spores

44
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

lycophylls (definition and properties)

A

leaves of lycophytes

lycophylls have only 1 unbranched vein

45
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

euphylls (definition and properties)

A

leaves of fern and seed plants

euphylls have branched veins

46
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

selaginella (category and properties)

A

type of lycophyte (club moss)
type of tracheophyte
type of green plant

live on land
have roots, stems, leaves, and vascular system for transport
lycophyll leaves have only 1 unbranched vein
have strobilus, a club-shaped reproductive structure at top of plant that produces spores

47
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

pterophytes are a category of ___

types of pterophytes

A

tracheophytes

types of pterophytes:
whisk ferns
ferns

48
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

pterophytes:

whisk ferns are ___

examples of pterophytes

A

simple vascular plants

example:
Psilotum

49
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

pterophytes:

whisk ferns (properties)

A

lack leaves
don’t really have roots
have a primitive vascular system composed of xylem and phloem that is restricted to the stem of the plant

50
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

psilotum (category and properties)

A

type of whisk fern
type of pterophyte
type of tracheophyte
type of green plant

simple vascular plant
no leaves and don’t really have roots
have a primitive vascular system composed of xylem and phloem that is restricted to the stem of the plant

51
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

pterophytes:

ferns have very well ___
ferns typically live in ___

A

developed vascular systems

relatively moist habitats

52
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

pterophytes:

fern (properties)

A

very well developed vascular systems

have fronds (leafy structures) from sporophyte generation

the underside of fronds have sori (reproductive structures) – produce spores that become the gametophyte

sperm produced in the gametophyte must swim from the antheridia to the archegonia

53
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

seed-bearing vascular plants are ___ adapted of all plants to terrestrial existence

A

best adapted to terrestrial existence

54
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

seed-bearing vascular plant (properties)

A

very well developed vascular system

can handle water gathering and distribution

development of seeds gives distinct advantage to living on land

55
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

seed-bearing vascular plants:

how do seeds help plants live on land?

A

sporophyte generation can use seeds to suspend its development for long periods of time before resuming

56
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

seed-bearing vascular plants:

2 major groups of seed-bearing plants

A

gymnosperms

angiosperms

57
Q

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

tracheophytes:

seed-bearing vascular plants:

gymnosperms (examples)

A

coniferophyta – pine trees w/ pine cones
cycadophyta – palm-like leaves
ginkgophyta – fan-shaped leaves

BIO 110 (7 decks)

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