Lab Exam 3 Flashcards
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
evolution (definition)
occurs when the genetic composition of a population changes over time.
5 factors play a role in evolution under Hardy-Weinberg law.
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
population (definition)
localized group of interbreeding species members
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
genotype (definition)
the genetic composition of an individual is its genotype
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
genotype frequency (definition)
fraction of a population w/ a particular genotype
of individuals w/ the genotype/# of individuals in the population
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
allele (definition)
each gene variant is a particular allele
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
allele frequency (definition)
fraction of a particular allele in a population’s gene pool
of allele/gene pool
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
gene pool (definition)
entire collection of alleles in a population
total # of individual alleles in the population
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
5 assumptions for genetic equilibrium in a population
1) population must be so large that chance alone cannot significantly alter allele frequencies
2) populations must be isolated so none of its members may leave (emigrate), nor may the population be joined by organisms from elsewhere (immigration)
3) the choice of mates must be entirely random
4) there must be no genetic mutations
5) there must be no natural selection
Hardy-Weinberg lab:
in real populations, are all assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ever met? Why or why not?
No; populations are rarely isolated, mutation is always at work, natural selection is always at work
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants (definition)
eukaryotic autotrophs that use chlorophylls a and b to carry out photosynthesis. Also has carotenoids
cell walls made of cellulose
reproduce thru gametes (egg and sperm)
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
gametes
egg and sperm
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
gametes fuse to form ___
zygote
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
___ fuse to form zygote
gametes
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
the zygote contains ___ sets of ___, one from sperm and one from egg
2 sets of chromosomes
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
when there are 2 chromosomes of each type in a cell, the cell is ___
diploid
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
when there are ___ of each type in a cell, the cell is diploid
2 chromosomes
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
the diploid zygote multiplies via ___
mitosis
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
the ___ ___ multiplies via mitosis
diploid zygote
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
all the cells that arise from a zygote via mitotic cell division are ___
diploid
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
the multicellular, diploid plant that grows from the zygote is called a ___
sporophyte
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
the ___, ___ plant that grows from the zygote is called a sporophyte
multicellular, diploid
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
sporophyte (definition)
the multicellular, diploid plant that grows form the zygote
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
sporophytes reproduce using ___ egg and sperm
haploid egg and sperm
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
diploid sporophytes make haploid gametes thru 2 steps (detailed):
1) produce spores via meiosis
2) haploid spore cell grows thru mitotic division –> produces a haploid plant (multicellular body of haploid cells) –> gametophyte produces gametes (haploid) via mitosis
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
gametophyte
haploid plant
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
diploid sporophytes make haploid gametes thru 2 steps (summary):
1) sporophyte produces spores thru meiosis
2) gametophyte produces gametes thru mitosis
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
alternation of generations:
in plant’s life cycle: alternation b/n:
diploid, spore-producing phase and
haploid, gamete-producing phase
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
chlorophytes are ___
example of chlorophytes
green algae
Chlamydomonas
Spirogyra
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
chlorophytes (properties)
unicellular embryos (other members of plant kingdom have multicellular embryos)
live on land, freshwater, or sea
plant and animal diversity lab:
chlamydomonas (category and properties)
type of chlorophyte – green algae
type of green plant
unicellular embryos
live on land, freshwater, or sea
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
spirogyra (properties)
type of chlorophyte – green algae
type of green plant
unicellular embryos
live on land, freshwater, or sea
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
nontracheophytes are the ___
examples of nontracheophytes
simplest of land plants
liverworts (ex. Marchantia) and mosses (ex. Polytrichum)
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
nontracheophyte (properties)
live in moist habitats on land
small and have some water-conducting tissue
lack tracheids (specialized tissue for water transport w/n the plant)
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
nontracheophyte:
___ are the most common nontracheophytes
mosses
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
nontracheophyte:
moss:
the ___ generation of moss is somewhat more prominent than its ___ generation
gametophyte generation is more prominent than sporophyte generation
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
nontracheophyte:
moss:
the sporophyte consist of a ___
the gametophyte is the ___
sporophyte: stalk topped w/ a capsule full of spores
gametophyte: leafy part that is characteristic of moss
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
nontracheophyte:
in Marchantia (a liverwort), the gametophyte is more prominent and is ___-shaped
lobe-shaped
plant and animal diversity lab:
Marchantia (category and properties)
type of liverwort
type of nontracheophyte – simplest of land plants
type of green plant
lobe-shaped gametophyte
lives in moist habitats on land
lack tracheids
plant and animal diversity lab:
Polytrichum (category and properties)
type of moss
type of nontracheophyte – simplest of land plants
type of green plant
leafy gametophyte
lives in moist habitats on land
lack tracheids
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophyte plants are ___
examples of tracheophytes
much better adapted for terrestrial (land) habitats than are nonvascular plants
lycophytes (club mosses)
pterophytes
seed-bearing vascular plants
trees that grow as tall as 100 meters from ground
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophyte (properties)
have transport systems to:
carry water from the soil to all parts of the plants
conduct nutrients made by some parts of the plant to other parts of the plant
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
lycophytes are ___ and a category of ___
examples of lycophytes
lycophytes are club mosses and a category of tracheophytes
Selaginella
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
lycophytes (properties)
have roots, stems, and leaves
have vascular system to provide transport
leaves of lycophytes (lycophylls) have only 1 unbranced vein
sporophyte produces a club-shaped reproductive structure called a strobilus at the top of plant that produces spores
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
lycophylls (definition and properties)
leaves of lycophytes
lycophylls have only 1 unbranched vein
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
euphylls (definition and properties)
leaves of fern and seed plants
euphylls have branched veins
plant and animal diversity lab:
selaginella (category and properties)
type of lycophyte (club moss)
type of tracheophyte
type of green plant
live on land
have roots, stems, leaves, and vascular system for transport
lycophyll leaves have only 1 unbranched vein
have strobilus, a club-shaped reproductive structure at top of plant that produces spores
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
pterophytes are a category of ___
types of pterophytes
tracheophytes
types of pterophytes:
whisk ferns
ferns
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
pterophytes:
whisk ferns are ___
examples of pterophytes
simple vascular plants
example:
Psilotum
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
pterophytes:
whisk ferns (properties)
lack leaves
don’t really have roots
have a primitive vascular system composed of xylem and phloem that is restricted to the stem of the plant
plant and animal diversity lab:
psilotum (category and properties)
type of whisk fern
type of pterophyte
type of tracheophyte
type of green plant
simple vascular plant
no leaves and don’t really have roots
have a primitive vascular system composed of xylem and phloem that is restricted to the stem of the plant
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
pterophytes:
ferns have very well ___
ferns typically live in ___
developed vascular systems
relatively moist habitats
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
pterophytes:
fern (properties)
very well developed vascular systems
have fronds (leafy structures) from sporophyte generation
the underside of fronds have sori (reproductive structures) – produce spores that become the gametophyte
sperm produced in the gametophyte must swim from the antheridia to the archegonia
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
seed-bearing vascular plants are ___ adapted of all plants to terrestrial existence
best adapted to terrestrial existence
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
seed-bearing vascular plant (properties)
very well developed vascular system
can handle water gathering and distribution
development of seeds gives distinct advantage to living on land
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
seed-bearing vascular plants:
how do seeds help plants live on land?
sporophyte generation can use seeds to suspend its development for long periods of time before resuming
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
seed-bearing vascular plants:
2 major groups of seed-bearing plants
gymnosperms
angiosperms
plant and animal diversity lab:
green plants:
tracheophytes:
seed-bearing vascular plants:
gymnosperms (examples)
coniferophyta – pine trees w/ pine cones
cycadophyta – palm-like leaves
ginkgophyta – fan-shaped leaves
