Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 110 > Biology of Living Things - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Biology of Living Things - Cell Structure Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of life

A
  1. complexity and organization (requires energy to maintain)
  2. responds to environment (homeostasis - maintains constant internal conditions)
  3. growth and metabolism
  4. reproduction/hereditary
  5. evolve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cell types

A

Prokaryotes - bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotes - animals, plants, fungi, protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

major differences b/n eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes - have nucleus and an internal membrane system

Prokaryotes - lack both

Eukaryotes cells can be up to 1000X larger than prokaryote cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cell volume represents

A

demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cell surface area represents

A

supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

in order for cell to survive…

A

supply ≥ demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

as cell size increases…

A

cell volume (demand) increases faster than cell surface area (supply)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

best way for cells to maintain workable SA to Vol. ratio

A

remaining small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

prokaryotic cells divided into 2 domains

A

Bacteria AKA eubacteria

Archaea - extremophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

prokaryotic structure (different from eukaryotes)

A

no nucleus

genetic material found in nucleoid

no internal membrane system

cell wall - proactive outer barrier composed of peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prokaryotic structure (similar to eukaryotes)

A

have plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

cytoplasm: semi-solid gel (cytosol) contains all the cell’s internal components

has ribosomes (universal organelle - responsible for building proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

structure of prokaryotic cells

A

pili

nucleoid (DNA)

ribosomes

capsule

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

cell wall

flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

eukaryotic cells (characteristics)

A

membrane-bound nucleus

membrane-bound organelles –> internal membrane system

more complex

larger

compartmentalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

compartmentalization

A

most distinctive feature of euk. cells

compartments are membrane-bound (internal membrane)

different compartments in cell perform different functions

compartments are called organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structure of animal cell

A

nucleus

nucleolus

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

cytoplasm

mitochondria

vesicles

Golgi apparatus

ribosomes

smooth ER

rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

structure of plant cell

A

chloroplast

plasma membrane

cell wall (made of cellulose)

everything else similar to animal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

structure of nucleus

A

Phospholipid nuclear envelope

nuclear pores

nucleolus

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of nucleus

A

stores genetic info

site of ribosome assembly

RNA production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ribosomes (definition)

A

enzyme complexes that are considered organelles (not membrane-bound)

largely made up of rRNA

assembled in nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ribosome structure

A

large enzyme complex made of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ribosome function

A

protein synthesis factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

endomembrane system components

A

network of internal (lipid bilayer) membranes that include:

ER

  • smooth (SER): no ribosomes
  • rough (RER): has ribosomes on its surface

Golgi apparatus

vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endoplasmic reticulum structure & characteristics

A

network of interconnected tubules

wall of tubules composed of lipid bilayer

space inside the tubes is called the lumen

smooth and rough ER are interconnected w/ each other & the outer lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

distinct functions of SER

A

site of lipid synthesis

site of fatty acid desaturation

site of cholesterol and steroid synthesis

various carbohydrates are synthesized there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

distinct functions of RER

A

makes proteins that are bound for export from cell or for use in the endomembrane system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

golgi apparatus structure

A

series of flattened tubes (sacs)

wall of tubes are a lipid bilayer

cis face - receives transport vesicles from ER

trans face - transport vesicles exit from the Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

proteins and other molecules may be modified

molecules sorted by eventual destination

molecules are released in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

endomembrane system summary

A

rough (RER) - has ribosomes on its surface, primarily manufactures proteins

smooth (SER) - no ribosomes, manufactures other macromolecules

vesicles - transport of molecules to and from Golgi complex

Golgi apparatus - modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

journey through endomembrane system

A

proteins made in RER

transport vesicle - contains products

cis face

chemical modifications

trans face

secretory vesicle

exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

exocytosis

A

process by which material is exported out of cell

secretory vesicle fuse w/ plasma membrane to release their contents to the outside of cell

  • ex. insulin secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

endocytosis

A

material taken into cell

  • plasma membrane surrounds material from outside cell, trapping it in an endocytic vesicle
  • can be a specific process (using receptors) or passive (taking up water and nutrients)
  • endocytic vesicle will then fuse w/ a digestive vesicle: a lysosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

lysosome structure

A

membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

lysosome function

A

to digest material from outside and inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

primary lysosome

A

new lysosomes that bud off from trans face of Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

secondary lysosome

A

formed from fusion b/n primary lysosomes & an endocytic vesicle or a cellular organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

tuberculosis bacterium

A

kills ~2 million ppl annually

able to prevent endocytic vesicle/lysosome fusion

avoids digestion and lives in cell

multiplies inside macrophage –> kills and devours it –> spreads to infect more cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

mitochondria structure

A

double-lipid bilayer

  • outer membrane covers entire organelle
  • inner membrane is extensively infolded
  • folds are called cristae
  • intermembrane space

mitochondria reproduce themselves –> supports endosymbiotic theory

divide by binary fission

have their own circular chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mitochondria function

A

energy metabolism (ATP production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

cristae

A

folds of mitochondria inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

matrix

A

liquid center of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

evolutionary theory that eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

chloroplast structure

A

double lipid bilayer

  • outer and inner membranes cover entire organelle
  • intermembrane space is b/n outer and inner bilayers

internal membranes inside chloroplast, organized into stacked disks.

  • thylakoid
  • granum
  • stroma

divides by binary fission

  • has own circular chromosomes
  • also supports endosymbiotic theory
43
Q

chloroplast function

A

site of photosynthesis in plant cells

  • light energy converted into usable energy (glucose)
44
Q

cytoskeleton structure

A

network of multiple types of protein fibers inside cells

45
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

provides structural support w/in cells

has a role in transport w/in cells

helps motile cells move

46
Q

extracellular matrix structure

A

network of multiple types of protein fibers outside of cell

47
Q

extracellular matrix function

A

provides structural support outside of cells

“glues” cells into higher order structures (organs)

has a role in cell-cell communication

48
Q

extracellular matrix/cytoskeleton diagram

A

extracellular matrix: outside cells

cytoskeleton: inside cells

49
Q

plasma membrane

A

barrier that defines inside and outside of cell

selective barrier - regulates transport into and out of cell

dynamic; cells can adjust chemistry of PM & molecules associated w/ PM

50
Q

in 1924, Dr. Gorter discovered…

A

that PM is made of phospholipid bilayer

used RBCs to show phospholipid membrane was 2 layers thick

51
Q

why did Dr. Gorter use RBCs?

A

easy to obtain

easy to count

they are of uniform size

52
Q

Dr. Gorter’s experimental method:

A

1) counted # of RBC’s after obtaining
2) calculated total SA of RBC’s
3) destroyed cells and collected the membrane phospholipids (chemical separation)
4) placed phospholipids into chamber of buffer where they would form a floating monolayer.
5) measured total SA of the phospholipids in the chamber, and compared it to he total SA of the RBCs.

53
Q

if phospholipid was monolayer….

A

SA of monolayer = SA of cells (1:1 ratio)

54
Q

if phospholipid was bilayer….

A

SA of bilayer is double the SA of cells (2:1 ratio)

55
Q

conclusion of Dr. Gorter’s experiment:

A

SA of phospholipids = 2X the calculated SA of the cells

–> cell membranes are a phospholipid bilayer

56
Q

plasma membranes are much more than just phospholipid bilayer

A

also contains:

  • membrane proteins
    (peripheral, integral/transmembrane)
  • cholesterol
  • polysaccharides
57
Q

fluid mosaic model of membranes

A

plasma membranes are fluid structures/fluid mosaic

phospholipid bilayer like “lake”, molecules “floating”

58
Q

evidence for membrane fluidity

A

cell fusion experiment:

  • membrane proteins of 2 cells were stained w/ fluorescent dyes
  • human cell membrane proteins w/ red dye
  • mouse cell membrane proteins w/ green dye
  • over time, colors mixed –> proteins diffused around membrane –> membrane is fluid

photo-bleaching experiments

59
Q

photo-bleaching experiments

A

membrane proteins labeled w/ fluorescent dye –> laser beam bleaches an area of cell’s surface –> fluorescent-labeled molecules diffuse into bleached areas.

results support Fluid Mosaic Model of plasma membrane.

60
Q

if membrane too fluid….

A

won’t serve as barrier and will fall apart

61
Q

if membrane too solid….

A

won’t permit integral proteins to flex (change shape) and carry out functions

  • ex. integral transport and signaling proteins
62
Q

regulation of membrane fluidity (definition)

A

constantly making new phospholipids & adjusting fluidity to surroundings

2 ways of changing FA chains of phospholipids:

cell can generate phospholipids that have more or fewer unsaturations in the FA chains.

cell can generate phospholipids that have much longer or shorter FA chains.

63
Q

thylakoid

A

single membrane disk in chloroplast

site of photosynthesis in plant cell

64
Q

granum

A

stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts

65
Q

stroma

A

aqueous material surrounding grana in chloroplasts

66
Q

control of membrane fluidity (% of sat/unsat. FA chains)

A

cells can change the % of phospholipids that have sat. or unsat. FA chains

67
Q

higher [ ] of phospholipids w/ unsat. FAs

effect on membrane fluidity

A

pack less tightly

unsat. hydrocarbon tails w/ kinks

more fluid

68
Q

higher [ ] of phospholipids w/ sat. FAs

effect on PM fluidity

A

pack more tightly

sat. hydrocarbon tails have no kinks

less fluid

69
Q

control of membrane fluidity (short/long FA chains)

A

cells can change % of phospholipids w/ long or short FA chains

70
Q

higher [ ] of phospholipids w/ short FA chains

effect on PM fluidity

A

pack less tightly

more fluid

71
Q

higher [ ] of phospholipids w/ long FA chains

effect on PM fluidity

A

pack more tightly

less fluid

72
Q

lower external temps

effect on PM fluidity

A

PM becomes less fluid (more solid)

73
Q

how cell maintains PM fluidity during lower external temps

A

make phospholipids w/ FA chains that are:

shorter

more unsaturated

74
Q

higher external temps

effect on PM fluidity

A

PM becomes more fluid (less solid)

75
Q

how cell maintains PM fluidity during higher external temps

A

makes phospholipids w/ FA chains that are:

  • longer
  • more saturated
76
Q

membrane permeability –> hydrophobic interior

A

major barrier for molecules crossing a plasma membrane

77
Q

PM is permeable to…

A

non polar molecules

78
Q

PM is less permeable to…

A

small polar molecules

79
Q

PM is not permeable to…

A

large polar molecules

ions

80
Q

types of membrane transport

A

diffusion

active transport

81
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules across the membrane from high [ ] to low [ ]

does not require use of cellular energy

82
Q

active transport (anti-diffusion)

A

movement of molecules across the membrane from low [ ] to high [ ]

does require use of cellular energy

83
Q

2 subtypes of diffusion

A

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

84
Q

simple diffusion occurs if…

A

1) PM is permeable to a particular molecule

and

2) there is difference in [ ] of that molecule across the membrane

then

molecule will diffuse across membrane by simple diffusion

85
Q

simple diffusion (mechanism)

A

no energy input is required

no transport proteins are required

86
Q

facilitated diffusion (definition)

A

diffusion of molecules that can’t cross the membrane on their own must be facilitated

87
Q

facilitated diffusion (mechanism)

A

occurs thru transport proteins (integral membrane proteins):

channel proteins and carrier proteins

driven by diffusion, no energy input required

88
Q

transport proteins are…

A

selective and only transport certain molecules

89
Q

cells regulate FD by:

A

1) regulating presence or absence of particular transport proteins
2) regulating the activity of particular transport proteins

90
Q

channel proteins in FD

A

like tunnels

don’t bind to the molecules they transport

can always be open or gated – open or closed

direction of movement depends on [ ]

movement does not require energy input from cell

91
Q

carrier proteins in FD

A

must bind to the molecules that they transport

direction of movement depends on [ ]

movement does not require energy input from cell

3 basic types of carrier proteins

92
Q

uniporters

A

type of carrier protein

only transports 1 type of molecule

93
Q

symporters

A

type of carrier protein

transports 2 types of molecules, in same direction, at same time

94
Q

antiporters

A

type of carrier protein

transports 2 types of molecules, in opposite directions, at same time

95
Q

channel & carrier protein kinetics

A

each displays different kinetics (rates) of transport

96
Q

channel protein kinetics

A

display linear kinetics

97
Q

carrier protein kinetics

A

display saturation kinetics

98
Q

active transport (anti-diffusion) (definition)

A

used by cells to build up a [ ] gradient of a molecule across a plasma membrane

99
Q

active transport (anti-diffusion) (mechanism)

A

moving molecules against a [ ] gradient requires:

1) carrier proteins
2) energy input from cell

100
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds the nucleus

inner & outer bilayer

101
Q

outer bilayer of nuclear envelope

A

connected to endomembrane system

102
Q

nuclear pores

A

passages thru the nuclear envelope that regulate nuclear transport

103
Q

chromatin

A

chromosomal DNA bound to proteins (histones)

104
Q

nucleolus

A

area inside nucleus

where ribosome complexes are assembled

BIO 110 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions