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BIO 110 > Final Lecture Exam (new) > Flashcards

Final Lecture Exam (new) Flashcards

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1
Q

light rxns:

pigment molecules (like chlorophylls) are critical to the light reactions bc they _____

A

capture light energy

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2
Q

light rxns:

chlorophylls are contained w/in structures called ___

A

photosystems

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3
Q

light rxns:

photosystems are located in ___

A

thylakoid membranes

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4
Q

light rxns:

photon energy is captured by ___ contained in ___

A

chlorophylls contained in photosystems

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5
Q

light rxns:

photon capture (mechanism)

A

antenna chlorophylls (AC) capture photon energy

photon energy radiated from AC to AC

energy captured by the reaction center chlorophyll (RCC)

energy is absorbed by electrons in the RCC

energized electrons are:

1) ejected from RCC
2) captured by an electron carrier
3) enter into an electron transport chain

ejected electrons are replaced

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6
Q

light rxns:

where are the photosystems located?

A

thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

light rxns:

PS2 gets replacement electrons from ___

A

H2O

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8
Q

light rxns:

PS1 gets its electrons from ___

A

PS2

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9
Q

light rxns:

in both PS1 and PS2, antenna chlorophyll ___

A

capture photon/light energy

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10
Q

light rxns:

in both PS1 and PS2, photon energy is used to ___ w/in ___

A

energize electrons w/in reaction center chlorophylls (RCC)

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11
Q

light rxns:

in PS2, energized electrons enter the ___ and are transported from ___

A

ETC and are transported from PS2 to PS1

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12
Q

light rxns:

in PS2, energy from the electrons in ETC is used to ___

A

produce ATP

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13
Q

light rxns:

in PS2, ___ is used to produce ATP

A

energy from the electrons in ETC

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14
Q

light rxns:

in PS2, replacement electrons come from ___

A

H2O

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15
Q

light rxns:

in PS2, ___ enter the ETC and are transported from PS2 to PS1

A

energized electrons

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16
Q

light rxns:

in PS2, ___ come from H2O

A

replacement electrons

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17
Q

light rxns:

in PS1, replacement electrons come from ___

A

PS2

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18
Q

light rxns:

in PS1, ___ come from PS2

A

replacement electrons

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19
Q

light rxns:

in PS1, de-energized electrons from PS2 are ___ w/ ___

A

re-energized w/ photon energy

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20
Q

light rxns:

in PS1, ___ from PS2 are re-energized w/ photon energy

A

de-energized electrons

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21
Q

light rxns:

in PS1, energized electrons are transferred to ___, thereby ___ to ___

A

NADP+
thereby reducing it to
NADPH

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22
Q

light rxns:

in PS1, ___ are transferred to NADP+, thereby reducing it to NADPH

A

energized electrons

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23
Q

light rxns:

in PS2, energized electrons get ejected and enter into the ___

A

ETC

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24
Q

light rxns:

in PS2, ___ ___ get ejected and enter into the ETC

A

energized electrons

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25
Q

light rxns:

the ___ carries electrons from PS2 to PS1

A

ETC

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26
Q

light rxns:

when electrons reach PS1, they have ___ ___ ___

A

lost their energy

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27
Q

light rxns:

when electrons reach ___, they have lost their energy

A

PS1

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28
Q

light rxns:

where does lost electron energy in PS1 go?

A

energy stored in electrons at PS1 is used to power a H+ pump

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29
Q

light rxns:

what does the H+ pump do?

what are the protons doing thru the proton pump?

A

creates a proton gradient across the membrane

protons are flowing from stroma into inner thylakoid space via the proton pump

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30
Q

light rxns:

to diffuse back across the ___, H+s need a ___

A

membrane

channel

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31
Q

light rxns:

what is the channel that allows H+s to diffuse back across the membrane?

what type of molecule is it?

A

ATP Synthase

enzyme/transport protein

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32
Q

light rxns:

ATP Synthase uses the ___ to make ATP

A

energy of H+ flow

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33
Q

light rxns:

ATP Synthase uses the energy of H+ flow to ___ ___

A

make ATP

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34
Q

light rxns:

how light reactions make ATP (mechanism)

A

excited electrons pass from PS2 to PS1 thru the ETC

ETC powers proton pump which builds up a H+ gradient on the inner thylakoid membrane

protons flow back out into stroma thru ATP Synthase

ATP Synthase spins as protons flow thru –> generates ATP

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35
Q

light rxns:

how light reactions make NADPH (mechanism)

A

photon energy from light is used to re-energize the electrons in PS1

re-energized electrons are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

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36
Q

where do dark reactions occur?

A

stroma of chloroplast

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37
Q

dark reactions require…

A

NADPH (produced by light rxns)
ATP (produced by light rxns)
CO2

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38
Q

dark reactions occur in 3 steps

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction of PGA
  3. regeneration of RuBP
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39
Q

carbon fixation (general)

___ step of the dark rxns

converts an ___ form of carbon (specify) into an ___ form (specify)

A

1st step of dark rxns

converts an inorganic form of carbon (CO2) into an organic form (PGA)

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40
Q

reduction of PGA (general)

___ step of the dark rxns

electrons are transferred to ___ from ___

A

2nd step of dark rxns

electrons are transferred to PGA from NADPH

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41
Q

regeneration of RuBP (general)

___ step in dark rxns

A

3rd step of dark rxns

RuBP is a molecule required for the carbon fixation step

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42
Q

carbon fixation (detailed mechanism)

A

begins w/ RuBP and CO2

RuBP & CO2 form a covalent bond:
1 RuBP + 1 CO2 –> 6-C molecule
this rxn is catalyzed by enzyme Rubicso

Next:
6-C molecule spontaneously breaks down into two, 3-C molecules (PGA):

one, 6-C molecule –> two, 3-C PGA molecules

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43
Q

RuBP (what is it)

A

5-C sugar known as the “carbon acceptor”

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44
Q

rubisco (definition)

A

enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to RuBP

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45
Q

reduction of PGA uses

A

NADPH as electron source

ATP as energy source

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46
Q

reduction of PGA (overview)

A

PGA is reduced and converted: PGA –> G3P

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47
Q

G3P has 2 functions

A

used to make glucose

used to regenerate RuBP for carbon fixation

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48
Q

carbon fixation ends in the production of ___ PGA molecules

A

2

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49
Q

carbon fixation ends in the production of 2 ___

A

PGA molecules

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50
Q

___ ___ ends in the production of 2 PGA molecules

A

carbon fixation

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51
Q

summary: dark rxns

carbon fixation

A

5-C (carbon) RuBP + CO2 –(Rubisco enzyme)–> 6-C intermediate that breaks down into 2, 3-C molecules (PGA)

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52
Q

summary: dark rxns

reduction of PGA

A

3-C molecules (PGA)

Using energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH:

2, 3-C PGA molecules –> G3P molecules

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53
Q

summary: dark rxns

RuBP regeneration

A

using G3P molecules:

some G3P used to make more RuBP

some G3P used to make glucose

*glucose is not only molecule made by dark rxns

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54
Q

dark rxns and metabolism:

the DRs feed into many different ___ pathways

A

synthesis

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55
Q

dark rxns and metabolism:

DRs feed into many different synthesis pathways:

A

other sugars
amino acids
lipids
nucleic acids

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56
Q

glucose as fuel:

glucose contains lots of ___

A

energy

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57
Q

glucose as fuel:

glucose ∆G = ___
ATP Hydrolysis = ___

A
  • 686 kcal/mol

- 7.3 kcal/mol

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58
Q

how do organisms extract the energy from glucose?

A

thru the oxidation of glucose

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59
Q

oxidation of glucose has 2 phases

A

glycolysis and cellular respiration

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60
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

phase 1 is ___

A

glycolysis

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61
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

phase 1, glycolysis:

occurs in the ___

glucose is converted into ___

A

cytoplasm of cells

pyruvate

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62
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

phase 2 is ___

A

cellular respiration

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63
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

phase 2, cellular respiration:

occurs in ___

A

mitochondria of cells

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64
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

phase 2, cellular respiration:

CR has 3 stages:

A

oxidation of pyruvate

citric acid cycle (TCA, Krebs cycle)

electron transport chain

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65
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

these stepwise processes allow for a controlled, regulated release of energy from ___

A

glucose

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66
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

these stepwise processes allow for a controlled, regulated release of ___ from glucose

A

energy

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67
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

these stepwise processes allow for a ___, ___ release of energy from glucose

A

controlled, regulated

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68
Q

oxidation of glucose (2 phases):

these ___ ___ allow for a controlled, regulated release of energy from glucose

A

stepwise processes

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69
Q

ATP production:

during Glycolysis and cellular respiration, ATP can be generated in how many ways?

A

2

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70
Q

ATP production:

what are the 2 ways ATP can be produced during glycolysis and cellular respiration?

A

chemiosmosis

substrate-level phosphorylation

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71
Q

ATP production:

chemiosmosis (definition)

A

flow of protons thru ATP synthase

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72
Q

ATP production:

substrate-level phosphorylation (steps)

A

an enzyme:

1) takes a phosphate from 1 molecule

2) adds a phosphate to ADP:
ADP –> ATP

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73
Q

glycolysis occurs in the ___

A

cytoplasm

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74
Q

___ occurs in the cytoplasm

A

glycolysis

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75
Q

in glycolysis, glucose is converted to ___

A

pyruvate

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76
Q

in ___, glucose is converted to pyruvate

A

glycolysis

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77
Q

in glycolysis, ___ is converted to pyruvate

A

glucose

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78
Q

glycolysis is a ___-step process

A

10

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79
Q

inputs of glycolysis

A

1 glucose (6-C)
2 NAD+
2 ADP

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80
Q

outputs of glycolysis

A 
2 NADH (reduction of NAD+)
2 ATP (substrate-level phos.)
2 pyruvate (3C)
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81
Q

what happens next to the pyruvate produced during glycolysis?

A

depends on oxygen availability:

either aerobic (cellular reps.) or anaerobic respiration (fermentation) can occur

82
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

thru glycolysis, glucose –> ___

A

pyruvate

83
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

thru glycolysis, ___ –> pyruvate

A

glucose

84
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

thru ___, glucose –> pyruvate

A

glycolysis

85
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

if oxygen available:

A

aerobic respiration (in mitochondria)

cellular respiration

86
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

if oxygen not available

A

anaerobic respiration (in cytoplasm)

fermentation

87
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

aerobic respiration is…

A

cellular respiration

88
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

aerobic respiration occurs in the ___

A

mitochondria

89
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

aerobic respiration/cellular respiration occurs when…

A

oxygen is present

90
Q

characteristics of cellular respiration:

A

complete oxidation
produces CO2 and H2O
can make 36 ATP (max)
~38% efficiency (max)

91
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

anaerobic respiration is…

A

fermentation

92
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

anaerobic respiration occurs in the ___

A

cytoplasm

93
Q

the fate of pyruvate:

anaerobic respiration/fermentation occurs when…

A

oxygen is not present

94
Q

characteristics of fermentation:

A 
incomplete oxidation
produces organic products
produces NAD+
2 ATP (from glycolysis)
~2% efficiency
95
Q

glycolysis + anaerobic respiration (yeast):

glycolysis rxns occur in the ___

inputs:

outputs:

A

cytoplasm

inputs:
1 glucose
2 NAD+
2 ADP

outputs:
2 NADH (reduction of NAD+)
2 ATP (substrate-level phos.)
2 pyruvates

96
Q

glycolysis + anaerobic respiration (yeast):

anaerobic resp. in yeast cells occur in the ___

inputs:

outputs:

A

cytoplasm

inputs:
2 pyruvates
2 NADH

outputs:
2 NAD+ (back to glycolysis)
2 ethanol (fermentation)
2 CO2

97
Q

purpose of anaerobic respiration/fermentation in yeast cells:

A

regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis going

98
Q

fermentation total yield and % efficiency in yeast cells:

A

2 ATPs/glucose

2% efficiency

99
Q

glycolysis + anaerobic respiration (muscle cells):

anaerobic respiration in muscle cells occur in the ___

inputs:

outputs:

A

cytoplasm

inputs:
2 pyruvates
2 NADH

outputs:
2 NAD+ (back to glycolysis)
2 lactate (fermentation)

100
Q

purpose of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells:

A

regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis going

101
Q

total yield and % efficiency of anaerobic resp. in muscle cells:

A

2 ATPs/glucose

2% efficiency

102
Q

glycolysis + anaerobic resp. (muscle cells)

lactate:

A

1) can be converted back into pyruvate (in cells)

2) can be converted back to glucose (by the liver)

103
Q

anaerobic respiration in muscle cells is also known as…

A

lactic acid fermentation

104
Q

during lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells, pyruvate is converted into ___

A

lactate

105
Q

during lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells, ___ is converted into lactate

A

pyruvate

106
Q

after pyruvate is produced from glycolysis:

if there is sufficient oxygen:

A

1) pyruvate will enter the mitochondria

2) cellular respiration will begin

107
Q

the oxidation of pyruvate occurs in the ___ of the ___

A

matrix of the mitochondria

108
Q

oxidation of pyruvate:

equation:

A

1 pyruvate (3C) + Coenzyme A (CoA) –> Acetyl-CoA

109
Q

citric acid cycle overview:

completes the oxidation of the ___

A

acetyl group

110
Q

citric acid cycle overview:

completes the ___ of the acetyl group

A

oxidation

111
Q

citric acid cycle overview:

___ the oxidation of the acetyl group

A

completes

112
Q

citric acid cycle overview:

occurs in the ___ of the ___

A

matrix of the mitochondria

113
Q

citric acid cycle overview:

___ reactions in ___ phases

1)

2)

3)

A

9 reactions in 3 phases

1) (2C) Acetyl + (4C) oxaloacetate (the Acetyl acceptor) –> (6C) citrate (citric acid)
2) the oxidation of the acetyl group is completed
3) regeneration of oxaloacetate

114
Q

citric acid cycle summary:

inputs:

___-step process

outputs:

A

inputs:
acetyl group
oxaloacetate

9-step process

outputs:
NADH (reduction of NAD+)
FADH2 (reduction of FAD)
ATP (substrate level phos.)
CO2
115
Q

after the citric acid cycle:

___ and ___ will transport the electrons to the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2

116
Q

after the citric acid cycle:

NADH and FADH2 will transport the ___ to the ETC

A

electrons

117
Q

after the citric acid cycle:

NADH and FADH2 will transport the electrons to the ___

A

ETC

118
Q

mitochondria:

glycolysis and anerobic respiration occur in the ___

A

cytoplasm

119
Q

mitochondria:

___ and anaerobic respiration occur in the cytoplasm

A

glycolysis

120
Q

mitochondria:

glycolysis and ___ occur in the cytoplasm

A

anaerobic respiration

121
Q

mitochondria:

oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle occur in the ___

A

matrix

122
Q

mitochondria:

___ and the citric acid cycle occur in the matrix

A

oxidation of pyruvate

123
Q

mitochondria:

oxidation of pyruvate and the ___ occur in the matrix

A

citric acid cycle

124
Q

mitochondrial structure:

how many types of proton pumps are there in the intermembrane space?

A

3

125
Q

ETC:

___ transports electrons to proton pump 1

A

NADH

126
Q

ETC:

NADH transports electrons to ___

A

proton pump 1

127
Q

ETC:

NADH transports ___ to proton pump 1

A

electrons

128
Q

ETC:

___ transports electrons to proton pump 2

A

FADH2

129
Q

ETC:

FADH2 transports electrons to ___

A

proton pump 2

130
Q

ETC:

FADH2 transports ___ to proton pump 2

A

electrons

131
Q

ETC:

an ETC carries electrons to proton pumps ___ and ___

A

2 and 3

132
Q

ETC:

an ETC carries ___ to proton pumps 2 and 3

A

electrons

133
Q

ETC:

an ___ carries electrons to proton pumps 2 and 3

A

ETC

134
Q

ETC:

in the ETC, oxygen is the final electron ___

A

acceptor

135
Q

ETC:

in the ETC, oxygen is the final ___ acceptor

A

electron

136
Q

ETC:

in the ETC, oxygen is the ___ electron acceptor

A

final

137
Q

ETC:

in the ETC, ___ is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

138
Q

proton gradient formation:

energy from the electrons powers the ___

A

proton pumps

139
Q

proton gradient formation:

energy from the ___ powers the proton pumps

A

electrons

140
Q

proton gradient formation:

___ from the electrons powers the proton pumps

A

energy

141
Q

proton gradient formation:

protons (from the matrix) form a ___ in the intermembrane space

A

gradient

142
Q

proton gradient formation:

protons (from the matrix) form a gradient in the ___

A

intermembrane space

143
Q

proton gradient formation:

protons (from the ___) form a gradient in the intermembrane space

A

matrix

144
Q

proton gradient formation:

___ (from the matrix) form a gradient in the intermembrane space

A

protons

145
Q

chemiosmosis:

protons flow thru the ATP synthase and power production of ___

A

ATP

146
Q

chemiosmosis:

protons flow thru the ___ and power production of ATP

A

ATP synthase

147
Q

chemiosmosis:

___ flow thru the ATP synthase and power the production of ATP

A

protons

148
Q

summary of cell. resp. (ETC and chemiosmosis)

A

NADH gives electrons to proton pump 1

FADH2 gives electrons to proton pump 2

ETC carries electrons to proton pumps 2 & 3

proton pumps use energy from electrons to allow protons to pass thru from the matrix into the intermembrane space

the protons form a gradient in the intermembrane space

protons flow back into the matrix from the intermembrane space thru the ATP synthase

while protons flow out of ATP synthase, ATP is generated from ADP +Pi

149
Q

efficiency of respiration:

ATP yield from 1 glucose molecule and % efficiency

A

36 ATPs

38% efficiency, the max for eukaryotes

150
Q

efficiency of respiration:

usually less than 36 ATPS are made because:

A

mitochondrial membrane leks, dissipating some of the proton gradient

the proton gradient is also used to drive other processes (sacrificing some ATP production)

151
Q

the diversity of life is ___

A

vast

152
Q

why we need to categorize and name organisms:

A

allows scientists to communicate about individual organisms or groups of organisms precisely

provides a method to show relationships b/n organisms (phylogeny)
- how closely or distantly organisms are related

153
Q

relationships (phylogeny):

similar features allow us to:

A

group organisms together

infer common ancestry

154
Q

similarities b/n organisms come in 2 types:

A

homology

analogy

155
Q

homology (definition and example)

A

similarities due to common ancestry

ex. foreleg of a horse and cow

156
Q

analogy (definition and example)

A

similarities due to a common type of solution to a survival problem

ex. wings of a bat and wings of a fly

157
Q

___ is useful in building family trees, while ___ is not so useful

A

homology is useful in building family trees while analogy is not so useful

158
Q

naming and categorizing organisms distinguishes them down to a ___, leading to ___

A

fundamental level

hierarchical systems

159
Q

naming and categorizing organisms distinguish them ___ to a fundamental level, leading to hierarchical systems

A

down

160
Q

___ and ___ organisms distinguish them down to a fundamental level, leading to hierarchical systems

A

naming and categorizing

161
Q

hierarchical systems:

higher order groups contain more organisms than ___ groups

A

lower order

162
Q

hierarchical systems:

___ groups contain more organisms than lower order groups

A

higher order

163
Q

hierarchical systems:

higher order groups contain more ___ than lower order groups

A

organisms

164
Q

Linnaean system Hierarchical:

what are the hierarchical groups?

what happens as you go down the system to lower levels?

what were the groups based on?

A 
Kingdoms -- largest group (ex. plants)
Phylums
Classes
Orders
Families
Genera
Species -- (single group of organisms)

King Phil’s Closets Often Fold Green Socks

as you go down, get to smaller, more defined groups

all groups were based on physical characterstics

165
Q

modification of the Linnean system:

what was the modification?

A

added 3 domains of life, above level of Kingdom:

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

166
Q

eukarya domain:

examples:

characteristics:

A

examples:

animals, plants, fungi, protists

characteristics:

all are eukaryotic

have a membrane-bound nucleus and an endomembrane system

have many types of organelles

DNA sequences of the ribosomal (r) protein & rRNA genes are unique from those of archaea and bacteria

167
Q

archaea and bacteria domains:

archaea and bacteria similarities:

A

archaea and bacteria similarities:

both are single-celled microorganisms
both have a cell wall
both have a plasma membrane and ribosomes
both lack a nucleus and internal membranes

168
Q

archaea and bacteria domains:

at one time, archaea were classified as ___

A

bacteria

169
Q

archaea and bacteria domains:

at one time, ___ were classified as bacteria

A

archaea

170
Q

archaea and bacteria domains:

why did archaea stop being classified as bacteria?

A

there are significant structural/biochemical differences b/n them

genetic sequencing has shown that they are as distantly related from each other as they are from eukaryotes

171
Q

archaea domain:

characteristics:

A

many are found in extreme environments (extremophiles)

have a plasma membrane structure that is biochemically unique from bacteria

have a cell wall structure that is biochemically unique from bacteria

the DNA sequences of the ribosomal (r) protein & rRNA genes are unique from eukaryotes & bacteria

172
Q

bacteria domain:

characteristics:

A

AKA “eubacteria” – ‘true’ bacteria

have standard phospholipid plasma membranes

cell walls biochemically unique from archaea

the DNA sequences of the ribosomal (r) protein & rRNA genes are unique from archaea and eukaryotes

173
Q

life is divided into 3 domains:

A

bacteria, archaea, & eukarya

174
Q

eukarya are divided into 4 kingdoms:

A

plant, fungi, animal, & protista

175
Q

common features of animals:

A

all animals are metazoan: multicellular

all animal cells lack a cell wall

all animals are heterotrophs: get their carbon from organic molecules that they consume

all animals obtain energy by consuming other organisms and/or substances produced by other organisms

176
Q

common features of plants:

A

all plants obtain energy from the sun (photosynthesis)

all plants contain photon capturing pigments such as Chlorophylls

all plants are autotrophic: carbon source is CO2

all plants have cel walls made of cellulose

177
Q

common features of fungi:

A

extract & absorb energy/carbon from their surroundings by secreting digestive enzymes

have cell walls containing chitin

reproduce by releasing spores

genetic analysis has shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants

178
Q

chitin

A

a structural polysaccharide made from chains of modified glucose

179
Q

spores

A

reproductive cells capable of giving rise to an adult organism

180
Q

common feature of protists:

A

being eukaryotic is the only unifying feature among protists

protists don’t fit neatly into other kingdoms:

  • plant “like” protists: ex. algae, giant kelp
  • animal “like” protists: ex. amoebas, paramecium
  • fungi “like” protists: ex. slime & water molds

they can be unicellular or multicellular, microscopic or large in size

display a range of nutritional strategies:
- mixotrophs

181
Q

mixotrophs

A

use a mix of different sources to obtain energy and carbon

182
Q

what is a species?

there are ___ ways to define a species

A

multiple ways

183
Q

what is a species?

biological species concept:

A

one or more populations of individuals that:

  • interbreed under natural conditions
  • produce fertile offspring
184
Q

what is a species?

limitations to biological species concept definition:

A

fossil species:
- don’t know about their breeding

asexual species:
- eg. bacteria

organisms separated by great distances:
- maybe they could interbreed but never come into contact

185
Q

reproductive barriers b/n species:

interbreeding must produce ___

A

fertile offspring

ex. horse X donkey –> mule (infertile)

186
Q

reproductive barriers b/n species:

interbreeding must occur under ___

A

natural circumstances

ex. wolves, dogs, etc. are different species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring –> but pairings don’t occur in natural populations
- -> so all are still considered different species

187
Q

reproductive isolation b/n species:

A

different species are reproductively isolated by reproductive barriers:

prezygotic barriers

postzygotic barriers

188
Q

reproductive isolation b/n species:

prezygotic barriers (definition)

A

prevent mating or fertilization

189
Q

reproductive barriers b/n species:

postzygotic barriers (definition)

A

mating and fertilization occur but…

  • development of embryo fails… or
  • offspring is sterile
190
Q

reproductive isolation b/n species:

prezygotic barriers – mating (examples)

A

habitat (never come into contact)

behavioral isolation (incompatible mating rituals/timing/pheromones)

191
Q

reproductive isolation b/n species:

prezygotic barriers – fertilization (examples)

A

mechanical (reproductive parts not compatible)

gametic isolation (sperm and egg can’t fuse)

192
Q

reproductive isolation b/n species:

postzygotic barriers – offspring (examples)

A

hybrid breakdown (hybrid doesn’t develop or dies soon after birth)

sterility (hybrid lives but is infertile)

193
Q

modes of speciation:

A

allopatric

sympatric

194
Q

modes of speciation:

allopatric:

A

different homelands

a geographic barrier isolates 2 populations of the same species

the separated populations genetically diverge into different species

195
Q

modes of speciation:

sympatric:

A

same homeland

no geographic isolation

a new species arises because of a sudden genetic alteration

196
Q

modes of speciation:

allopatric speciation (flow-chart)

A

2 interbreeding populations (same species)

separated by a geographical barrier

genetic variants appear

populations diverge genetically

2 reproductively isolated species develop

197
Q

modes of speciation:

types of sympatric speciation:

A

autopolyploidy

allopolyploidy

198
Q

modes of speciation:

type of sympatric speciation:

autopolyploidy:

A

a new species from an old species

2 individuals from 1 species mate

an error occurs during sperm or egg formation

results in offspring w/ a different (ploidy) number of chromosome copies than the parents

AND IF:

the offspring lives and is fertile

and the offspring is reproductively isolated from the parental species

then the offspring represents a new species

*happens mostly in plants

199
Q

modes of speciation:

type of sympatric speciation:

allopolyploidy:

A

2 different species produce a 3rd species

2 different species interbreed

an error in sperm or egg formation results in a zygote w/ a compatible # of chromosomes

AND IF:

the offspring lives and is able to reproduce

and is reproductively isolated from the 2 parent species

then the offspring represents a new species

*happens mostly in plants

200
Q

population dynamics:

population (definition)

A

a group of individuals occupying the same area at the same time

BIO 110 (7 decks)

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