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Anatomy & Physiology Lec. & Lab Exam 1 > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The study of the form and structure of the body

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

The study of the function of the body

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3
Q

Define Metabolism

A

The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body

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4
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

The process by which smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger more complex substances

Utilizes energy

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5
Q

Catabolic Reaction

A

The process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules

releases energy

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6
Q

Properties common to all Organisms

A 
Order
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Energy processing
Response to environment
Regulation
Evolutionary Adaptation
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7
Q

Property: Order

A

Living cells are the basis for making up a living organisms complex structure

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8
Q

Property: Reproduction

A

Organisms must reproduce offspring for the species to live

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9
Q

Property: Growth and Development

A

Inherited DNA controls organisms growth pattern

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10
Q

Property:Energy Processing

A

Organisms use food to power activities and chemical reactions

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11
Q

Property: Response to Environment

A

Uses Stimuli

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12
Q

Property: Regulation

A

Organisms regulate internal conditions (homeostasis)

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13
Q

Property: Evolutionary Adaptation

A

Adaptions over a long period of time that help an organism survive in its environment

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14
Q

Anatomical Position

A 
Upright stance
Feet flat on floor 
Upper limbs at side of body
Head level
Eyes forward
Palms face out
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15
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A 
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ System level
Organismal level
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16
Q

Chemical Level

A

Atoms
molecules
macromolecules

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17
Q

Cellular level

A

cells- the smallest living structure

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18
Q

Tissue level

A

groups of similar cells performing common functions

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19
Q

Organ level

A

2 or more tissue types performing specific functions

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20
Q

Organ System level

A

2 or more related organs working together

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21
Q

Axial Region

A

Head, Thorax, Pelvis, Abdomen (Anything that isnt an appendage

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22
Q

Appendicular Region

A

The appendages

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23
Q

Frontal plane

A

divides body into front and back

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24
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides body into cranial and caudal

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25
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

divides body symmetrically into left and right halves

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26
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into left and right halves

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27
Q

oblique plane

A

divides body at an angle

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28
Q

9 divisions of the abdominal region

A 
R Hypochondriac 
L Hypochondriac
Epigastric
R Lumbar
L Lumbar
Umbilical
R Iliac
L Iliac
Hypogastric
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29
Q

R Hypochondriac Organs

A

Liver
Kidney
Gall bladder
Small intestine

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30
Q

L Hypochondriac Organs

A

Spleen
Colon
Kidney
Pancreas

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31
Q

Epigastric Organs

A

Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Spleen

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32
Q

R Lumbar Organs

A

Gallbladder
Liver
R Colon

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33
Q

L Lumbar Organs

A

L Kidney

Descending colon

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34
Q

Umbilical Organs

A

Umbilicus
Ileum
Duodenum

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35
Q

R Iliac Organs

A

Appendix

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36
Q

L Iliac Organs

A

Sigmoid Colon

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37
Q

Hypogastric Organs

A

Urinary bladder

Female Reporductive organs

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38
Q

4 Abdominal Quadrents

A

Upper R
Upper L
Lower R
Lower L

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39
Q

Upper R organs

A

Liver

Gallbladder

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40
Q

Upper L Organs

A

Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas

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41
Q

Lower R Organs

A

Appendix
R Ovary
Upper colon

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42
Q

Lower L Organs

A

L Ovary
Sigmoid colon
bottom colon

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43
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Steady state of body systems that all living organisms maintain

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44
Q

What are feedback loops

A

Where the output of a circut is returned to the input

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45
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Reverses a deviation from the set point. Maintains parameters within normal limits

46
Q

3 parts of Negative Feedback

A

Sensor
Control Center
Effector

47
Q

Sensor

A

monitors a physiological value and reports to the control center

48
Q

Control center

A

compares value to the normal range

49
Q

Effector

A

Causes a change to reverse the situation and return to normal range

50
Q

Positive feedback

A

Intensifies a change in the bodies physiological condition, rather than reversing it

51
Q

Visceral Serous membrane

A

Lines the organs

52
Q

Perietal Serous Membrane

A

Lines the walls of the body

53
Q

The Body Cavities

A 
Cranial
Vertebral/Spinal
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Mediastinum
Pleural L & R
Pericardial
54
Q

Cranial Cavity Organs

55
Q

Vetebral/Spinal Organs

A

Spinal cord

56
Q

Thoracic Organs

A

Lungs, Heart, Esophagus, Trachea, Thymus

57
Q

Abdominal Organs

A

Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Intestines, Kidneys

58
Q

Pelvic Organs

A

Urinary bladder, Reproductive organs

59
Q

Mediastinum Organs

A

Heart, Esophagus, Trachea, Thymus

60
Q

Pleural Organs

A

Each side contains a lung

61
Q

Pericardial Organs

62
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy of Position

63
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of Motion

64
Q

Forms of Kinetic Energy

A 
Radiant
Thermal
Sound
Electrical
Mechanical
65
Q

The role of enzymes in the body

A

A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid.

Work by lowering the amount of energy needed in a chemical reaction

66
Q

Major Organelles of the body

A 
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Centrosome
Cytoskeleton
67
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Regulates entrance/exit of molecules

68
Q

Nucleus

A

Storage of genetic info

69
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

70
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein sythesis

71
Q

Rough ER

A

Protein sythesis

72
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of lipid molecules

73
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes, Packages, and Distributes proteins and lipids

74
Q

Vesicles

A

Stores and Transports substances

75
Q

Lysosome

A

Digests macromolecules and cell parts

76
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration, produces energy (ATP)

77
Q

Centrioles

A

Organizes microtubules in cilia and flagella

78
Q

Centrosome

A

Organizes microtubules in a cell

79
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts

80
Q

Cell Membrane components

A 
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Structural Proteins
Receptor Proteins
Transport Proteins
Glycoproteins
81
Q

Phospholipid function

A

Form a lipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails. Allows certain molecules to diffuse across membrane

82
Q

Cholesterol Function

A

Helps keep cell membranes from becoming still

83
Q

Glycolipids Function

A

Helps cells recognize other cells of the body

84
Q

Structural Proteins Function

A

Help give support and shape

85
Q

Receptor Proteins Function

A

Helps cells communicate through neurotransmitters and hormones

86
Q

Transport Proteins Function

A

Transport molecules through membranes

87
Q

Glycoproteins function

A

Helps cell communication and molecule transport

88
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through semipermeable membranes.

Occurs when there is an abundance of solutes outside vs inside

89
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution with lower concentration of solutes, water molecules tend to diffuse out of. Causes a cell to swell (eventually burst)

90
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution that has a higher concentration of solutes, water tends to diffuse into. Causes cell to shrivel

91
Q

Isotonic

A

Same relative solute concentration. No water movement

92
Q

Passive Membrane Transport

A

The movement of substances across the membrane with out the expenditure of energy
EX: Sugar diffusing in a cup of coffee

93
Q

Active Membrane Transport

A

The movement of substances across the membrane using energy (Usually with help of proteins & against gradient)
EX:Sodium potassium pump

94
Q

Ion Pumps

A

Transmittable protein that moves ions across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient (through active transport)

95
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport

96
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane

97
Q

2 general cell cycle phases

A

Interphase

Mitosis

98
Q

Phases of Interphase

99
Q

What happens in G1

A

Cellular contents are divided (Not the chromosomes yet)

100
Q

What happens in S phase

A

The cell replicates DNA

101
Q

What happens in G2

A

Double checks duplicated DNA for errors and makes repairs if needed

102
Q

What happens in G0

A

Resting phase until Mitosis and Cytokineses

103
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
104
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
Spindles form
Nuclear envelope is not present

105
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

Chromatids attach to spindle fibers

106
Q

What happens in Anaphase

A

Chromatids seperated and are moving towards the poles attached to spindle fibers

107
Q

What happens in Telophase

A

Chromatids are at opposite poles
The spindle fibers break down
The nuclear envelope is reforming

108
Q

Function of DNA in the cell

A

Genetic Makeup

Long term storage of information

109
Q

Process by which glucose is broken down

A

Glycolysis

110
Q

What is Glycolysis

A

An Anaerobic process that breaks down glucose. The 1st step happens in the cytoplasm, the rest takes place in the mitochondria.
Breakdown of 1 glucose produces 2 ATP

111
Q

What is the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Series of chemical reactions used by aerobic organisms to release stored energy.
Happens in the mitochondria
Produces 1 ATP

112
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain

A

Series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Aerobic
Produces 30-32 ATP

Anatomy & Physiology Lec. & Lab Exam 1 (16 decks)

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