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Anatomy & Physiology I > Lecture: Chapter 06 > Flashcards

Lecture: Chapter 06 Flashcards

1
Q

SKELETAL SYSTEM

A

Bones & Skeletal Tissues

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2
Q

SKELETAL CARTILAGES

A

contains no nerves or blood vessels; is surrounded by perichondrium - dense, irregular connective tissue that is vascularized. Nutrients diffuse into cartilage. 3 kinds: Hyaline, Elastic, & Fibrocartilage

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3
Q

HYALINE CARTILAGE

A

most abundant; Includes… articular cartilage; costal cartilage (connects ribs to sternum); respiratory cartilages in the larynx; and nasal cartilage in nose.
*3 Functions: Protection, Support, Resilience

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4
Q

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

A

found in external ear and epiglottis (flap that covers opening of larynx when swallowing)
*Function: (great) flexibility

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5
Q

FIBROCARTILAGE

A

located between vertebrae, menisci of knees, and pubic symphysis
*Function: Shock absorption (very strong)

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6
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

A

Axial and Appendicular

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7
Q

AXIAL SKELETON

A

skull, vertebral column, & ribs

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8
Q

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A

arms, legs, shoulder girdles (scapula & clavicle), and hip girdles (ilium, ischium, & pubic bone); appendages

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9
Q

SKELETAL FUNCTIONS

A

1) Support - provides framework
2) Protection - e.g. skull protects brain, vertebra protects spinal cord, ribs protect thoracic organs.
3) Movement - bones used as levers for motion
4) Mineral Storage - bone stores Calcium and Phosphate (inorganic) in intracellular matrix
5) Blood Cell Formation: hematopoiesis occurs in marrow (red)
* Collagen=organic fiber in bone

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10
Q

-GROSS ANATOMY-

A

see following cards

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11
Q

BONE MARKINGS

A

sites of attachment to muscles, ligaments, or tendons; also holes in bones where different blood vessels and nerves pass through

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12
Q

COMPACT BONE

A

outer layer; very dense, smooth, more organized, stronger.

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13
Q

SPONGY BONE

A

a.k.a. “Cancellous” bone; inner part; usually filled with red or yellow bone marrow; spiky, porous, less organized, contains lots of open space

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14
Q

DIAPHYSIS

A

shaft of bone; main function in adult bone is muscle attachment; primary ossification center; lots of compact bone; (medullary cavity is the hollow space in the shaft)

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15
Q

EPIPHYSIS

A

ends of bone; covered with layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage; secondary ossification center; lots of spongy bone.

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16
Q

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis in adults; remnant of epiphyseal plate; bone lengthens from here in children; growth region in length of the long bone

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17
Q

PERIOSTEUM

A

double layer membrane around long bones, outer layer is fibrous layer, inner layer is osteogenic layer which has osteoblasts (make bone) and osteoclasts (destroy bone); contain lots of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers.

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18
Q

FUNCTIONS OF

THE PERIOSTEUM

A

1) Provides nutrients via blood vessels
2) Innervation
3) Attachment to tendons

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19
Q

ENDOSTEUM

A

thin connective tissue membrane that lies in the medullary cavity

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20
Q

YELLOW MARROW

A

substance contained in medullary cavities in adult bones.

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21
Q

RED MARROW

A

the hemopoietic tissue in the adult is only located in the heads of the humerus and femurs, inside flat bones, and hip bones. In infants, hematopoietic tissue is located in all spongy bone.

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22
Q

-MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY-

A

see following cards

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23
Q

OSTEON

A

a.k.a. “Haversian System;” structural unit of compact bone; is parallel with the long axis of bone

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24
Q

HAVERSIAN CANAL

A

a.k.a. “Central Canal;” is in middle of osteon blood vessels; nerve fibers run through it.

25
Q

VOLKMANN’S CANALS

A

a.k.a. “Penetrating Canals;” perpindicular to Haversian canals; connect to the blood & nerve supply of the periosteum.

26
Q

LAMELLA

A

layers of bone; like rings of a tree; surround Haversian canals.

27
Q

OSTEOCYTES

A

(mature) bone cells that occupy little lakes called “lacunae”(cavities where bone cells live) in between the lamella layers

28
Q

TRABECULAE

A

tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone.

29
Q

-BONE DEVELOPMENT-

A

see following cards

30
Q

OSSIFICATION

A

a.k.a. “Osteogenesis;” bone formation

31
Q

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

A

Bone forms from a fibrous membrane; this gives rise to bones of SKULL and the CLAVICLES(usually medial 2/3 or lateral 1/3 fracture); replaces connective tissue membrane with bony tissue.

32
Q

ENCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

A

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage with bony tissue; this gives rise to ALL OTHER BONES. Bone growth is controlled by growth hormone in infancy and childhood.

33
Q

-BONE REMODELING-

A

Bone is dynamic; bone is constantly being deposited and regenerated. Processes essentially equal in young adults.
(see following cards)

34
Q

BONE DEPOSIT

A

if a bone is injured or under high stress, more bone is laid down by osteoblasts.

35
Q

BONE RESORPTION

A

osteoclasts move along bone surface digging little trenches

36
Q

BONE REMODELING

CONTROL MECHANISMS

A

1) Negative feedback loop

2) Gravitational forces/mechanical stress

37
Q

(1) NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

A

hormonally controlled; as calcium in blood rises, hormone calcitonin is released which puts calcium into bone. If blood calcium levels fall, parathyroid hormone takes calcium out of bone.

38
Q

CALCITONIN

A

hormone formed by thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.

39
Q

PARATHYROID

A

(PTH; from parathyroid gland) increases blood calcium levels

40
Q

(2) MECHANICAL STRESS

A

“Wolff’s Law:” bone grows in response to stress placed on it. Bones are stressed by muscles pulling against them or by gravitational forces. One side of the bone is compressed; the other side is stretched with an off-center force. The forces cancel each other out in the middle, so the center of bones are much less dense, almost hollow.

41
Q

-BONE FRACTURES-

A

see following cards

42
Q

NON-DISPLACED Fracture

A

ends are in alignment

43
Q

DISPLACED Fracture

A

ends are NOT in alignment

44
Q

COMPLETE Fracture

A

bone is broken through

45
Q

INCOMPLETE Fracture

A

bone is NOT broken through

46
Q

LINEAR Fracture

A

fracture along LONG axis of bone

47
Q

TRANSVERSE Fracture

A

fracture across the bone (perpendicular to long axis)

48
Q

OPEN/COMPOUND Fracture

A

bone breaks through skin

49
Q

CLOSED/SIMPLE Fracture

A

bone does NOT break through skin

50
Q

SPIRAL Fracture

A

common in sports; results from twisting force

51
Q

COMMINUTED Fracture

A

bone fragments into 3 or more pieces

52
Q

COMPRESSION Fracture

A

bone is crushed

53
Q

GREEN STICK FRACTURE

A

one side breaks, the other side bends

54
Q

-BONE REPAIR-

A

Fracture repaired by:

1) OPEN Reduction - surgical fix w/ pins & screws
2) CLOSED Reduction - realignment of bones by hand; (bony callus is evidence of previous fracture)

55
Q

OSTEOMALACIA / RICKETS

A

Similar condition; name changes depending on age. CHILDREN get RICKETS, and ADULTS get OSTEOMALACIA; both caused by INADEQUATE amounts of CALCIUM in diet or LACK of Vitamin D. (Rickets often results in bowed legs.)

56
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS

A

Bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. Bones become fragile and break with incidental incident. Most common breaks are compression fracture of vertebrae or neck of femur - broken hip. Contributing factors: not enough Calcium or Vit. D, petitie body frame, little/decreased exercise, smoking (reduces estrogen levels), and some hormonal conditions (like Hyperthyroidism & Diabetes Mellitus). Affects entire skeleton, but spongy bone in more vulnerable. Can delay by: getting enough Calcium; drinking flouridated water; weight-bearing exercises(walking, jogging, tennis).

57
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE

A

(rarely occurs before age 40) Usually incidental findings; more spongy bone than compact bone and demineralization. Most common bones involved: spine, skull, pelvis, and femur. It may affect any part of the skeleton but is usually a LOCALIZED CONDITION.

58
Q

OSTEOPENIA

A

a condition that occurs with aging that causes a gradual reduction in bone mass.

59
Q

STAGES OF BONE HEALING

A

1) Hematoma formation
2) Fibrocartilagenous callus
3) Bony callus formation
4) Remodeling

Anatomy & Physiology I (10 decks)

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