Lecture: Chapter 04

Question 1

TISSUES

Answer 1

groups of cells similar in structure that perform a common function

Question 2

4 TYPES OF TISSUES

Answer 2

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Nervous
4) Muscle

Question 3

1:

-EPITHELIAL TISSUE-

Answer 3

covers a surface or lines a cavity

Question 4

EPITHELIAL CLASSIFICATIONS

Answer 4

a)Simple Epithelia=single cell layer; b)Stratified Epithelia=two or more layers stacked; c)Squamous=flat or scale-like; d)Cuboidal=box-like, like a die; e)Columnar=column-shaped, taller than wide

Question 5

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Answer 5

Function: diffusion, filtration, secretion
Location: kidney glomeruli; alveoli of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, & lymphatic vessels; serosae of ventral body cavity

Question 6

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

Answer 6

Function: secretion and absorption
Location: kidney tubules, ducts, secretory part of small glands, ovary surface.

Question 7

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Answer 7

Function: absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, & other stuff.
Location: lines most of digestive tract from stomach to rectum

Question 8

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Answer 8

(vary in height, but all cells touch basement membrane; nuclei at different heights, appear to be several layers)
Function: secretion or absorption
Location: sperm-carrying ducts, ducts of large glands, trachea, & most of upper respiratory tract

Question 9

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Answer 9

(2 or more layers; flat, scale-like)
Function: protects underlying tissues
Location: keratinized in epidermis of skin, lining of esophagus, mouth.

Question 10

STRATIFIED CUBOIDIAL EPITHELIUM

Answer 10

(2 or more layers; cube-shaped)
Function: secretory; sweat glands & mammary glands
Location: boobs and skin

Question 11

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Answer 11

Function: protection & secretion
Location: at junctions w/ other types of epithelia: pharynx and male urethra

Question 12

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Answer 12

Function: allows bladder to fill w/ urine, then relax when empty
Location: lining of hollow urinary organs, especially bladder

Question 13

GLANDULAR EPITHELIA

Answer 13

2 types: Endocrine(ductless) and Exocrine

see following cards

Question 14

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Answer 14

“ductless glands;” produce hormones, which are released directly into bloodstream

Question 15

EXOCRINE GLANDS

Answer 15

secrete their products onto the body surface or into cavities.
(2 types of Glands: uni- and multi-cellular)

Question 16

UNICELLULAR

excocrine gland

Answer 16

goblet cell (blob-shaped); found in intestinal and respiratory tracts; produce mucin (mucus).

Question 17

MULTICELLULAR

exocrine gland

Answer 17

2 Parts: epithelium-derived duct & secretory unit;
Structural Classification:
a)Simple(unbranched) or Compound(branched)
b)Tubular(tube-like), Alveolar(flask-shaped), or Tubuloalveolar(both)
Modes of Secretion:
a)Mendocrine=secrete by exocytosis(in pancreas, salivary, & most sweat glands)
b)Holocrine=accumulates product until cell ruptures(sebaceous (oil) glands of skin)

Question 18

2:

-CONNECTIVE TISSUE-

Answer 18

most abundant & widely spread type of tissue;

3 structural elements: Ground Substance, Fibers, & Cells

Question 19

GROUND SUBSTANCE

Answer 19

(element of connective tissue)

unstructured material that fills space between cells and fibers

Question 20

FIBERS

connective tissue

Answer 20

(element of connective tissue)

provide support; 3 types: a)Collagen, b) Elastic, c) Reticular

Question 21

COLLAGEN FIBERS

Answer 21

mostly collagen (fibrous protein); very high tensile strength; strongest & most abundant by far; *Found in:

Question 22

ELASTIC FIBERS

Answer 22

mostly elastin (rubbery protein); allow tissue to stretch & recoil; *Found in lungs, bladder, stomach, skin, rectum.

Question 23

RETICULAR FIBERS

Answer 23

mostly collagen (of a different chemistry); provides support for small blood vessels & organs; *Found in spleen, marrow, liver, kidneys.

Question 24

CELLS

connective tissue

Answer 24

“blasts”=undifferentiated/immature “baby cells;”
3 types of blasts: a)Fibroblasts-produce connective tissue, b) Chondroblasts-produce cartilage, c)Osteoblasts-produce bone;
Also, Hematopoietic stem cells-produce blood.
“Cyte”=mature/inactive “adult cells”

Question 25

-TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE-

Answer 25

Mesenchyme, Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood, Lymph (see following cards)

Question 25

``` CARTILAGE (class of connective tissue) ```

Answer 25

3 types: Hyalin, Elastic, Fibro Cartilage | All withstand stretching & compression; all are avascular & receive nutrients by diffusion; no nerve fibers.

Question 26

HYALINE | type of cartilage

Answer 26

a.k.a. "gristle;" covers ends of long bones, tip of nose; connects ribs to sternum; forms the epiphyseal (growth) plate in growing bones.

Question 27

ELASTIC | type of cartilage

Answer 27

lots of elastin fibers; external ear, epiglottis.

Question 28

``` FIBRO CARTILAGE (type of cartilage) ```

Answer 28

rows of chondrocytes alternate w/ rows of thick collagen fibers; Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci in knees

Question 29

``` BONE (class of connective tissue) ```

Answer 29

supports and protects body structures

Question 30

``` BLOOD (class of connective tissue) ```

Answer 30

made up of cells in nonliving fluid matrix called plasma

Question 31

``` LYMPH (class of connective tissue) ```

Answer 31

extracellular fluid; flows in lymph vessels; similar to blood plasma.

Question 32

``` COVERING & LINING MEMBRANES (class of connective tissue) ```

Answer 32

3 Types: Cutaneous, Mucous, & Serous

Question 33

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES

Answer 33

skin

Question 34

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

Answer 34

a.k.a. "mucosae;" lines body cavities open to the outside; e.g. digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts - all are moist and secrete mucus.

Question 35

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Answer 35

a.k.a. "serosae;" found in closed ventral body cavities; produces serous fluid that lubricates facing membranes; named for location: pleura(lungs), pericardium(around heart), peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity)

Question 36

3: | -NERVOUS TISSUE-

Answer 36

brain, spinal cord, and nerves; regulates and controls body functions. 2 Major Cell types: Neurons & Supporting Cells