Lecture: Chapter 01 Flashcards
To provide a comprehensive preparatory experience for the first exam.
ANATOMY
Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology concerns the function the body and its parts - how everything works.
GROSS ANATOMY
a.k.a. MACROSCOPIC anatomy: The study of body parts visible to the naked eye. Includes Regional, Systemic, & Surface anatomy.
REGIONAL ANATOMY
(subset of gross anatomy) the study of structures in a particular region (i.e. chest or arm)
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
(subset of gross anatomy) the study of body systems (i.e. circulatory or nervous)
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
The study of body parts NOT visible to the naked eye. Includes Cytology and Histology.
CYTOLOGY
The study of TISSUES.
HISTOLOGY
The study of TISSUES.
EMBRYOLOGY
(subset of developmental anatomy) covers the developmental changes that occur before birth.
STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY
Chemical-> Cell-> Tissue-> Organ-> Organ System-> Organism
BODY SYSTEMS
(11) Integumentary; Skeletal; Muscular; Nervous; Endocrine; Cardiovascular; Lymphatic/Immune; Respiratory; Digestive; Urinary; Reproductive
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin, Hair, Nails: forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vit. D and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones, Joints: Protects and supports organs, and provides framework for muscles to move. Bone stores minerals, and bone marrow creates blood cells.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Skeletal Muscles: Allows locomotion, facial expression, and manipulation of environment.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves: Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. The control system of the body.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Pancreas: Secretes HORMONES that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart, Arteries, Veins: Heart pumps blood through vessels to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wast.
LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM
Sleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus: Returns leaked fluid to blood vessels. Houses white blood cells and attacks foreign substances.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lungs, Airways: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Gaseous exchange occurs through walls of alveolar sacs.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Intestines: Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients. Indigestible stuff is excreted as feces.
URINARY SYSTEM
Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra: Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of blood. Eliminates nitrogenous waste.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
You got this one DOWN.
SURVIVAL NEEDS
Nutrients(proteins, carbs, vitamins, minerals); Oxygen(20% of the air we breathe); Water(60-80% of body weight); Normal Body Temp(98.6F/37C); Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure(air too thin at high alt. for adequate gas exchange)
HOMEOSTASIS
Ability to maintain a stable internal environment, a state of dynamic equilibrium. (Nervous & Endocrine systems bear major responsibility)
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS
1) Receptor-monitors & responds to stimuli, sends info to… 2) Control Center-determines a set point & appropriate response; 3) Effector-provides means for response.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Prevents sudden & severe changes within the body; the output shuts off or decreases the original effect of the stimulus; cause variable to change in opposite direction of initial change; EX: home heating/body temp regulation… and starvation.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Output enhances original stimulus to accelerate or increase response. EX: Blood Clotting (Vit. K) and Labor Contractions.
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standing erect with feet slightly apart, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward and thumbs pointing away from body.
AXIAL PART
Main axis; head, neck, trunk.
APPENDICULAR PART
appendages/limbs; arms, legs, etc attached to axis.
BODY PLANES
- Median/Midsagittal Plane
- Frontal/Coronal Plane
- Transverse/Horizontal Plane
MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL PLANE
A vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts.
FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE
A vertical plane that divides the body in anterior and posterior parts.
TRANSVERSE/HORIZONTAL PLANE
A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
OBLIQUE SECTIONS
Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. (rarely used)
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
see following cards
SUPERIOR
above
INFERIOR
below
MEDIAL
toward midline of body
LATERAL
away from midline of body
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL
toward front side
POSTERIOR/DORSAL
toward back side
PROXIMAL
nearer to trunk of body
in reference to appendicular parts
DISTAL
farther from trunk of body
in reference appendicular parts
SUPERFICIAL
toward body’s surface
DEEP
away from body’s surface
BODY CAVITIES
see following cards & figure 1.9 in book (p.18)
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
contains cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity; encloses brain and spinal cord;
{cervical=7}{thoracic=12}{lumbar=5}{sacrum/coccyx}
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; houses internal organs, or viscera.
THORACIC CAVITY
subdivided into: Pleural Cavity(lungs); Pericardial Cavity(heart); Mediastinum(stuff in middle)
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
Separated from thoracic by diaphragm. Contains abdominal & pelvic cavities.
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs.
PELVIC CAVITY
contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
STRUCTURES NOT IN CAVITIES
diaphragm, bone, skin, & skeletal muscles
VENTRAL CAVITY MEMBRANES
Cavity walls are covered by thin, double-layered membrane called the SEROSA, or SEROUS MEMBRANE. Two layers, separated by serous fluid.
PARIETAL SEROSA
the part of the serous membrane that LINES the CAVITY WALLS
VISCERAL SEROSA
the part of the serous membrane that folds in and COVERS the ORGANS
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
See figure 1.12 on page 20.
ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
{RUQ: Gall Bladder}{LUQ: Spleen}
{RLQ: Appendix}{LLQ: Aorta}
OTHER BODY CAVITIES
{Oral&Digestive-mouth}{Nasal}{Orbital-eyes}{Middle Ear-3tinybones}{Synovial-joints/space between bones}
