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anatomy & physiology i > Lecture: Chapter 01 > Flashcards

Lecture: Chapter 01 Flashcards

To provide a comprehensive preparatory experience for the first exam.

1
Q

ANATOMY

A

Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

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2
Q

PHYSIOLOGY

A

Physiology concerns the function the body and its parts - how everything works.

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3
Q

GROSS ANATOMY

A

a.k.a. MACROSCOPIC anatomy: The study of body parts visible to the naked eye. Includes Regional, Systemic, & Surface anatomy.

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4
Q

REGIONAL ANATOMY

A

(subset of gross anatomy) the study of structures in a particular region (i.e. chest or arm)

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5
Q

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

A

(subset of gross anatomy) the study of body systems (i.e. circulatory or nervous)

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6
Q

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

A

The study of body parts NOT visible to the naked eye. Includes Cytology and Histology.

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7
Q

CYTOLOGY

A

The study of TISSUES.

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8
Q

HISTOLOGY

A

The study of TISSUES.

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8
Q

EMBRYOLOGY

A

(subset of developmental anatomy) covers the developmental changes that occur before birth.

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9
Q

STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY

A

Chemical-> Cell-> Tissue-> Organ-> Organ System-> Organism

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10
Q

BODY SYSTEMS

A

(11) Integumentary; Skeletal; Muscular; Nervous; Endocrine; Cardiovascular; Lymphatic/Immune; Respiratory; Digestive; Urinary; Reproductive

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11
Q

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

A

Skin, Hair, Nails: forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vit. D and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

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12
Q

SKELETAL SYSTEM

A

Bones, Joints: Protects and supports organs, and provides framework for muscles to move. Bone stores minerals, and bone marrow creates blood cells.

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13
Q

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

A

Skeletal Muscles: Allows locomotion, facial expression, and manipulation of environment.

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14
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves: Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. The control system of the body.

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15
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Pancreas: Secretes HORMONES that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells.

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16
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

Heart, Arteries, Veins: Heart pumps blood through vessels to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wast.

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17
Q

LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

Sleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus: Returns leaked fluid to blood vessels. Houses white blood cells and attacks foreign substances.

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18
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

Lungs, Airways: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Gaseous exchange occurs through walls of alveolar sacs.

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19
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Intestines: Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients. Indigestible stuff is excreted as feces.

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20
Q

URINARY SYSTEM

A

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra: Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of blood. Eliminates nitrogenous waste.

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21
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A

You got this one DOWN.

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22
Q

SURVIVAL NEEDS

A

Nutrients(proteins, carbs, vitamins, minerals); Oxygen(20% of the air we breathe); Water(60-80% of body weight); Normal Body Temp(98.6F/37C); Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure(air too thin at high alt. for adequate gas exchange)

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23
Q

HOMEOSTASIS

A

Ability to maintain a stable internal environment, a state of dynamic equilibrium. (Nervous & Endocrine systems bear major responsibility)

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24
Q

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS

A

1) Receptor-monitors & responds to stimuli, sends info to… 2) Control Center-determines a set point & appropriate response; 3) Effector-provides means for response.

25
Q

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

A

Prevents sudden & severe changes within the body; the output shuts off or decreases the original effect of the stimulus; cause variable to change in opposite direction of initial change; EX: home heating/body temp regulation… and starvation.

26
Q

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

A

Output enhances original stimulus to accelerate or increase response. EX: Blood Clotting (Vit. K) and Labor Contractions.

27
Q

ANATOMICAL POSITION

A

Standing erect with feet slightly apart, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward and thumbs pointing away from body.

28
Q

AXIAL PART

A

Main axis; head, neck, trunk.

29
Q

APPENDICULAR PART

A

appendages/limbs; arms, legs, etc attached to axis.

30
Q

BODY PLANES

A
  • Median/Midsagittal Plane
  • Frontal/Coronal Plane
  • Transverse/Horizontal Plane
31
Q

MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts.

32
Q

FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE

A

A vertical plane that divides the body in anterior and posterior parts.

33
Q

TRANSVERSE/HORIZONTAL PLANE

A

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

34
Q

OBLIQUE SECTIONS

A

Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. (rarely used)

35
Q

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

A

see following cards

36
Q

SUPERIOR

A

above

37
Q

INFERIOR

A

below

38
Q

MEDIAL

A

toward midline of body

39
Q

LATERAL

A

away from midline of body

40
Q

ANTERIOR/VENTRAL

A

toward front side

41
Q

POSTERIOR/DORSAL

A

toward back side

42
Q

PROXIMAL

A

nearer to trunk of body

in reference to appendicular parts

43
Q

DISTAL

A

farther from trunk of body

in reference appendicular parts

44
Q

SUPERFICIAL

A

toward body’s surface

45
Q

DEEP

A

away from body’s surface

46
Q

BODY CAVITIES

A

see following cards & figure 1.9 in book (p.18)

47
Q

DORSAL BODY CAVITY

A

contains cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity; encloses brain and spinal cord;
{cervical=7}{thoracic=12}{lumbar=5}{sacrum/coccyx}

48
Q

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

A

contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; houses internal organs, or viscera.

49
Q

THORACIC CAVITY

A

subdivided into: Pleural Cavity(lungs); Pericardial Cavity(heart); Mediastinum(stuff in middle)

50
Q

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

A

Separated from thoracic by diaphragm. Contains abdominal & pelvic cavities.

51
Q

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

A

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs.

52
Q

PELVIC CAVITY

A

contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

53
Q

STRUCTURES NOT IN CAVITIES

A

diaphragm, bone, skin, & skeletal muscles

54
Q

VENTRAL CAVITY MEMBRANES

A

Cavity walls are covered by thin, double-layered membrane called the SEROSA, or SEROUS MEMBRANE. Two layers, separated by serous fluid.

55
Q

PARIETAL SEROSA

A

the part of the serous membrane that LINES the CAVITY WALLS

56
Q

VISCERAL SEROSA

A

the part of the serous membrane that folds in and COVERS the ORGANS

57
Q

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

A

See figure 1.12 on page 20.

58
Q

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

A

{RUQ: Gall Bladder}{LUQ: Spleen}

{RLQ: Appendix}{LLQ: Aorta}

59
Q

OTHER BODY CAVITIES

A

{Oral&Digestive-mouth}{Nasal}{Orbital-eyes}{Middle Ear-3tinybones}{Synovial-joints/space between bones}

anatomy & physiology i (10 decks)

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