Lecture: Chapter 01

Question 1

ANATOMY

Answer 1

Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Question 2

PHYSIOLOGY

Answer 2

Physiology concerns the function the body and its parts - how everything works.

Question 3

GROSS ANATOMY

Answer 3

a.k.a. MACROSCOPIC anatomy: The study of body parts visible to the naked eye. Includes Regional, Systemic, & Surface anatomy.

Question 4

REGIONAL ANATOMY

Answer 4

(subset of gross anatomy) the study of structures in a particular region (i.e. chest or arm)

Question 5

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

Answer 5

(subset of gross anatomy) the study of body systems (i.e. circulatory or nervous)

Question 6

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Answer 6

The study of body parts NOT visible to the naked eye. Includes Cytology and Histology.

Question 7

CYTOLOGY

Answer 7

The study of TISSUES.

Question 8

HISTOLOGY

Answer 8

The study of TISSUES.

Question 8

EMBRYOLOGY

Answer 8

(subset of developmental anatomy) covers the developmental changes that occur before birth.

Question 9

STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY

Answer 9

Chemical-> Cell-> Tissue-> Organ-> Organ System-> Organism

Question 10

BODY SYSTEMS

Answer 10

(11) Integumentary; Skeletal; Muscular; Nervous; Endocrine; Cardiovascular; Lymphatic/Immune; Respiratory; Digestive; Urinary; Reproductive

Question 11

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Answer 11

Skin, Hair, Nails: forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vit. D and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Question 12

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Answer 12

Bones, Joints: Protects and supports organs, and provides framework for muscles to move. Bone stores minerals, and bone marrow creates blood cells.

Question 13

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Answer 13

Skeletal Muscles: Allows locomotion, facial expression, and manipulation of environment.

Question 14

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 14

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves: Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. The control system of the body.

Question 15

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Answer 15

Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Pancreas: Secretes HORMONES that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells.

Question 16

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Answer 16

Heart, Arteries, Veins: Heart pumps blood through vessels to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wast.

Question 17

LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM

Answer 17

Sleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus: Returns leaked fluid to blood vessels. Houses white blood cells and attacks foreign substances.

Question 18

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Answer 18

Lungs, Airways: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Gaseous exchange occurs through walls of alveolar sacs.

Question 19

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Answer 19

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Intestines: Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients. Indigestible stuff is excreted as feces.

Question 20

URINARY SYSTEM

Answer 20

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra: Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of blood. Eliminates nitrogenous waste.

Question 21

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Answer 21

You got this one DOWN.

Question 22

SURVIVAL NEEDS

Answer 22

Nutrients(proteins, carbs, vitamins, minerals); Oxygen(20% of the air we breathe); Water(60-80% of body weight); Normal Body Temp(98.6F/37C); Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure(air too thin at high alt. for adequate gas exchange)

Question 23

HOMEOSTASIS

Answer 23

Ability to maintain a stable internal environment, a state of dynamic equilibrium. (Nervous & Endocrine systems bear major responsibility)

Question 24

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS

Answer 24

1) Receptor-monitors & responds to stimuli, sends info to... 2) Control Center-determines a set point & appropriate response; 3) Effector-provides means for response.

Question 25

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Answer 25

Prevents sudden & severe changes within the body; the output shuts off or decreases the original effect of the stimulus; cause variable to change in opposite direction of initial change; EX: home heating/body temp regulation... and starvation.

Question 26

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Answer 26

Output enhances original stimulus to accelerate or increase response. EX: Blood Clotting (Vit. K) and Labor Contractions.

Question 27

ANATOMICAL POSITION

Answer 27

Standing erect with feet slightly apart, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward and thumbs pointing away from body.

Question 28

AXIAL PART

Answer 28

Main axis; head, neck, trunk.

Question 29

APPENDICULAR PART

Answer 29

appendages/limbs; arms, legs, etc attached to axis.

Question 30

BODY PLANES

Answer 30

- Median/Midsagittal Plane - Frontal/Coronal Plane - Transverse/Horizontal Plane

Question 31

MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

Answer 31

A vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts.

Question 32

FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE

Answer 32

A vertical plane that divides the body in anterior and posterior parts.

Question 33

TRANSVERSE/HORIZONTAL PLANE

Answer 33

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Question 34

OBLIQUE SECTIONS

Answer 34

Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. (rarely used)

Question 35

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Answer 35

see following cards

Question 36

SUPERIOR

Answer 36

above

Question 37

INFERIOR

Answer 37

below

Question 38

MEDIAL

Answer 38

toward midline of body

Question 39

LATERAL

Answer 39

away from midline of body

Question 40

ANTERIOR/VENTRAL

Answer 40

toward front side

Question 41

POSTERIOR/DORSAL

Answer 41

toward back side

Question 42

PROXIMAL

Answer 42

nearer to trunk of body | in reference to appendicular parts

Question 43

DISTAL

Answer 43

farther from trunk of body | in reference appendicular parts

Question 44

SUPERFICIAL

Answer 44

toward body's surface

Question 45

DEEP

Answer 45

away from body's surface

Question 46

BODY CAVITIES

Answer 46

see following cards & figure 1.9 in book (p.18)

Question 47

DORSAL BODY CAVITY

Answer 47

contains cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity; encloses brain and spinal cord; {cervical=7}{thoracic=12}{lumbar=5}{sacrum/coccyx}

Question 48

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

Answer 48

contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; houses internal organs, or viscera.

Question 49

THORACIC CAVITY

Answer 49

subdivided into: Pleural Cavity(lungs); Pericardial Cavity(heart); Mediastinum(stuff in middle)

Question 50

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

Answer 50

Separated from thoracic by diaphragm. Contains abdominal & pelvic cavities.

Question 51

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

Answer 51

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs.

Question 52

PELVIC CAVITY

Answer 52

contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Question 53

STRUCTURES NOT IN CAVITIES

Answer 53

diaphragm, bone, skin, & skeletal muscles

Question 54

VENTRAL CAVITY MEMBRANES

Answer 54

Cavity walls are covered by thin, double-layered membrane called the SEROSA, or SEROUS MEMBRANE. Two layers, separated by serous fluid.

Question 55

PARIETAL SEROSA

Answer 55

the part of the serous membrane that LINES the CAVITY WALLS

Question 56

VISCERAL SEROSA

Answer 56

the part of the serous membrane that folds in and COVERS the ORGANS

Question 57

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

Answer 57

See figure 1.12 on page 20.

Question 58

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

Answer 58

{RUQ: Gall Bladder}{LUQ: Spleen} | {RLQ: Appendix}{LLQ: Aorta}

Question 59

OTHER BODY CAVITIES

Answer 59

{Oral&Digestive-mouth}{Nasal}{Orbital-eyes}{Middle Ear-3tinybones}{Synovial-joints/space between bones}