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Anatomy & Physiology I > Lecture: Chapter 02 > Flashcards

Lecture: Chapter 02 Flashcards

1
Q

MATTER

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

STATES OF MATTER

A

solid, liquid, gas

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3
Q

ENERGY

A

the capacity to do work or put matter in motion

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4
Q

KINETIC ENERGY

A

energy of movement; energy in action

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5
Q

POTENTIAL ENERGY

A

stored energy; inactive energy of position (water behind a dam) or condition (unused battery)

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5
Q

ENERGY CONVERSION

A

is inefficient; high percentage is lost to environment as heat

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6
Q

4 MAJOR ELEMENTS IN BODY

A

Oxygen(O, 65%), Carbon(C, 18.5%), Hydrogen(H, 9.5%), Nitrogen(N, 3.2%)
together they make up 96%of body weight

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7
Q

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

A

Proton(+), Neutron(n/a), Electron(-)

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8
Q

ATOMIC NUMBER

A

the number of protons in nucleus

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9
Q

MASS NUMBER

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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10
Q

ISOTOPES

A

structural variation of an element; same number of protons (and electrons) but different number of neutrons, therefore different atomic mass.

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11
Q

RADIOISOTOPES

A

isotopes that are unstable and spontaneously decay (radioactive); used in medical diagnostics

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12
Q

MOLECULES

A

tow or more atoms in a specific ratio

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13
Q

COMPOUND

A

two or more different atoms

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14
Q

MIXTURES

A

two or more components physically intermingled;

3 types: solutions, colloids, suspensions

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15
Q

SOLUTIONS

A

homogenous mixtures (i.e. air, salt water)

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16
Q

SOLVENT

A

dissolvent substance (usually liquid); e.g. water

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17
Q

SOLUTE

A

dissolved substance; e.g. sugar, chlorine

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18
Q

COLLOIDS / SUSPENSIONS

A

a.k.a. Emulsions; heterogeneous mixtures, usually opaque (white), e.g. milk; do NOT settle out; liquid to gel state

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19
Q

SUSPENSIONS

A

heterogenous mixtures with large solutes that often settle out; e.g. salad dressing, blood.

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20
Q

CHEMICAL BONDS

A

Electrons occur in a cloud around the nucleus. They have different energy levels and different numbers of electrons fill the different levels. Level1=2e; Level2=8e; Level3=remainder

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21
Q

IONIC BONDS

A

Chemical bonds formed by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other; the opposite charges then attract each other; e.g. sodium chloride (p.32)

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22
Q

COVALENT BONDS

A

Chemical bonds formed by elements sharing the outermost electrons; e.g. hydrogen gas, methane (p. 32)

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23
Q

HYDROGEN BONDS

A

(in water) Chemical bonds in which slightly negative O is attracted to slightly positive H of different molecule; allows for/creates surface tension

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24
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
occur whenever chemical bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged
25
ANABOLIC/ENDERGENIC REACTIONS
build things; require energy
26
CATABOLIC/EXERGENIC REACTIONS
break things down; release energy
27
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1)Temperature, 2)Concentration, 3)ParticleSize, 4)Catalysts(enzyme if biological; accelerate without getting involved) Higher the Temp, Concentration and Smaller the Partice, the Faster the Reaction
28
BIOCHEMISTRY
the study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter (see following cards)
29
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
contain carbon
30
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
all chemicals/compounds that do NOT contain carbon; i.e. water, salts, acids, bases.
31
WATER
necessary for life and most bodily functions
32
SALTS
compound containing cations(+) and anions(-); all ions are electrolytes, conduct current in solution.
33
ACIDS
taste sour, release H+ ions; determine acidity of a solution
34
BASES
taste bitter, accept H+ ions; conc. of hydroxyl ions(OH-); alkaline=basic
35
pH
measures concentration of H+ ions or OH-; scale runs from 0(acidic) to 14(basic/alkaline) see fig. 2.13 on p. 40
36
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, & nucleic acids (all contain carbon) -see following cards-
37
CARBOHYDRATES
simple sugars or starches, contain C,H,O
38
MONOSACCHARIDE
(type of carb) | simple sugar; 1 sugar unit long; 1)Glucose, 2)Fructose, 3)Galactose, 4)Ribose, 5)Dioxyribose
39
DISACCHARIDE
(type of carb) | 2 sugar units long, 2 monosaccharides joined; 1)Sucrose, 2)Maltose, 3)Lactose
40
POLYSACCHARIDE
(type of carb) a. k.a. polymers, long chain of sugar units; 1) Starch, 2)Glycogen
41
STARCH
storage carb formed by plants; e.g. potatoes
42
GLYCOGEN
storage carb found in muscle & liver; provides energy for body
43
LIPIDS / FATS
more than 20% of body; protect and insulate organs; major source of stored energy; insoluble in water; include neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids
44
NEUTRAL FAT
fatty acids and glycerol
45
TRIGLYCERIDES
3 fatty acid chains & 1 glycerol | p. 45
46
SATURATED FAT
Butter | only single covalent bonds between carbons
47
UNSATURATED FAT
one or more double covalent bonds between carbons. MONO=Olive&Peanut Oil POLY=Corn&SoyBean Oil
48
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
contain phosphorus, important for cell membranes
49
STEROIDS
e.g. cholesterol & some hormones
50
PROTEINS
15-30% of body; structural, enzymes, or contractile(muscle); building blocks are amino acids (there are 20 types of AA)
51
TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS
2aa=Dipeptide 3aa=Tripeptide >10aa=Polypeptide >50aa=Protein
52
STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF PROTEINS | p. 49
``` 1°(Primary) Sequence_of_AminoAcids 2°(Secondary) αORβ_pleated_sheet;Slinky_or_Pleated_ribbon 3°(Tertiary) SecondaryStructure_folds_onSelf_making_GlobularMolecule 4°(Quaternary) Two_orMore_PeptideChains ```
53
PROTEINS ARE EITHER...
Fibrous or Globular
54
FIBROUS (3) PROTEINS
string-like and used for structure; insoluble in water; very STABLE
55
GLOBULAR PROTEINS
spherical & functional; can be denatured (like boiling egg in water); water soluble
56
OTHER PROTEIN FORMS
Enzymes: speed up reactions Coenzyme: usually vitamin (A helps vision, skin, hair, nails; D produced in skin w/ UV rays)
57
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
A, D, E, K(K helps blood clotting)
58
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA & RNA | see following cards
59
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid; double helix; genetic material; contains bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine; C-G; A-T
60
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid; contains bases C, G, A, U (uracil instead of thymine); A-U; G-C
61
DNA | BASICS
Found in: Nucleus Structure: Double Helix Bases: A-T, C-G Function: information for protein synthesis
62
RNA | BASICS
Found in: Cytoplasm (outside nucleus) Structure: Single strand Bases: A-U, G-C Function: carries out instructions for protein synthesis
63
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate; the energy cells use

Anatomy & Physiology I (10 decks)

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