Lecture: Chapter 02 Flashcards
MATTER
anything that occupies space and has mass
STATES OF MATTER
solid, liquid, gas
ENERGY
the capacity to do work or put matter in motion
KINETIC ENERGY
energy of movement; energy in action
POTENTIAL ENERGY
stored energy; inactive energy of position (water behind a dam) or condition (unused battery)
ENERGY CONVERSION
is inefficient; high percentage is lost to environment as heat
4 MAJOR ELEMENTS IN BODY
Oxygen(O, 65%), Carbon(C, 18.5%), Hydrogen(H, 9.5%), Nitrogen(N, 3.2%)
together they make up 96%of body weight
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Proton(+), Neutron(n/a), Electron(-)
ATOMIC NUMBER
the number of protons in nucleus
MASS NUMBER
sum of protons and neutrons
ISOTOPES
structural variation of an element; same number of protons (and electrons) but different number of neutrons, therefore different atomic mass.
RADIOISOTOPES
isotopes that are unstable and spontaneously decay (radioactive); used in medical diagnostics
MOLECULES
tow or more atoms in a specific ratio
COMPOUND
two or more different atoms
MIXTURES
two or more components physically intermingled;
3 types: solutions, colloids, suspensions
SOLUTIONS
homogenous mixtures (i.e. air, salt water)
SOLVENT
dissolvent substance (usually liquid); e.g. water
SOLUTE
dissolved substance; e.g. sugar, chlorine
COLLOIDS / SUSPENSIONS
a.k.a. Emulsions; heterogeneous mixtures, usually opaque (white), e.g. milk; do NOT settle out; liquid to gel state
SUSPENSIONS
heterogenous mixtures with large solutes that often settle out; e.g. salad dressing, blood.
CHEMICAL BONDS
Electrons occur in a cloud around the nucleus. They have different energy levels and different numbers of electrons fill the different levels. Level1=2e; Level2=8e; Level3=remainder
IONIC BONDS
Chemical bonds formed by transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other; the opposite charges then attract each other; e.g. sodium chloride (p.32)
COVALENT BONDS
Chemical bonds formed by elements sharing the outermost electrons; e.g. hydrogen gas, methane (p. 32)
HYDROGEN BONDS
(in water) Chemical bonds in which slightly negative O is attracted to slightly positive H of different molecule; allows for/creates surface tension
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
occur whenever chemical bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged
ANABOLIC/ENDERGENIC REACTIONS
build things; require energy
CATABOLIC/EXERGENIC REACTIONS
break things down; release energy
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1)Temperature, 2)Concentration, 3)ParticleSize, 4)Catalysts(enzyme if biological; accelerate without getting involved)
Higher the Temp, Concentration and Smaller the Partice, the Faster the Reaction
BIOCHEMISTRY
the study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter
(see following cards)
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
contain carbon
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
all chemicals/compounds that do NOT contain carbon; i.e. water, salts, acids, bases.
WATER
necessary for life and most bodily functions
SALTS
compound containing cations(+) and anions(-); all ions are electrolytes, conduct current in solution.
ACIDS
taste sour, release H+ ions; determine acidity of a solution
BASES
taste bitter, accept H+ ions; conc. of hydroxyl ions(OH-); alkaline=basic
pH
measures concentration of H+ ions or OH-; scale runs from 0(acidic) to 14(basic/alkaline)
see fig. 2.13 on p. 40
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, & nucleic acids (all contain carbon)
-see following cards-
CARBOHYDRATES
simple sugars or starches, contain C,H,O
MONOSACCHARIDE
(type of carb)
simple sugar; 1 sugar unit long; 1)Glucose, 2)Fructose, 3)Galactose, 4)Ribose, 5)Dioxyribose
DISACCHARIDE
(type of carb)
2 sugar units long, 2 monosaccharides joined; 1)Sucrose, 2)Maltose, 3)Lactose
POLYSACCHARIDE
(type of carb)
a. k.a. polymers, long chain of sugar units;
1) Starch, 2)Glycogen
STARCH
storage carb formed by plants; e.g. potatoes
GLYCOGEN
storage carb found in muscle & liver; provides energy for body
LIPIDS / FATS
more than 20% of body; protect and insulate organs; major source of stored energy; insoluble in water; include neutral fats, steroids, phospholipids
NEUTRAL FAT
fatty acids and glycerol
TRIGLYCERIDES
3 fatty acid chains & 1 glycerol
p. 45
SATURATED FAT
Butter
only single covalent bonds between carbons
UNSATURATED FAT
one or more double covalent bonds between carbons.
MONO=Olive&Peanut Oil
POLY=Corn&SoyBean Oil
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
contain phosphorus, important for cell membranes
STEROIDS
e.g. cholesterol & some hormones
PROTEINS
15-30% of body; structural, enzymes, or contractile(muscle); building blocks are amino acids (there are 20 types of AA)
TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS
2aa=Dipeptide
3aa=Tripeptide
>10aa=Polypeptide
>50aa=Protein
STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF PROTEINS
p. 49
1°(Primary) Sequence_of_AminoAcids 2°(Secondary) αORβ_pleated_sheet;Slinky_or_Pleated_ribbon 3°(Tertiary) SecondaryStructure_folds_onSelf_making_GlobularMolecule 4°(Quaternary) Two_orMore_PeptideChains
PROTEINS ARE EITHER…
Fibrous or Globular
FIBROUS (3) PROTEINS
string-like and used for structure; insoluble in water; very STABLE
GLOBULAR PROTEINS
spherical & functional; can be denatured (like boiling egg in water); water soluble
OTHER PROTEIN FORMS
Enzymes: speed up reactions
Coenzyme: usually vitamin (A helps vision, skin, hair, nails; D produced in skin w/ UV rays)
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
A, D, E, K(K helps blood clotting)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA & RNA
see following cards
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid; double helix; genetic material; contains bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine; C-G; A-T
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid; contains bases C, G, A, U (uracil instead of thymine); A-U; G-C
DNA
BASICS
Found in: Nucleus
Structure: Double Helix
Bases: A-T, C-G
Function: information for protein synthesis
RNA
BASICS
Found in: Cytoplasm (outside nucleus)
Structure: Single strand
Bases: A-U, G-C
Function: carries out instructions for protein synthesis
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate; the energy cells use
