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BOTANY > Lecture 9 - The Flower And Reproduction > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - The Flower And Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive parts of angiosperms

A

Flowers

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2
Q

What are flowers responsible for?

A

Production of gametes

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3
Q

Fusion of the male and female gametes produces:

A

Zygote

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4
Q

Zygote develops into:

A

Embryo within the seed

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5
Q

Consist of sterile and fertile parts

A

Flowers

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6
Q

What is an inflorescence

A

An aggregate of flowers

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7
Q

What is a peduncle?

A

The lower stalk of an inflorescence or a single flower

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8
Q

What is a pedicel?

A

The stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence.

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9
Q

What is a receptacle?

A

The part of the flower stalk to which the flower parts are attached

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10
Q

How many whorls does a flower have?

A

Four

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11
Q

What do sepals on the outside form?

A

Collectively form the calyx

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12
Q

Petals inside the sepals collectively form?

A

Collectively form the Corolla

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13
Q

What are stamens enclosed by?

A

The corolla

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14
Q

What is in the center of the flower?

A

Carpels

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15
Q

What is the outermost whorl?

A

Calyx

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16
Q

Calyx consists of sepals? True of false

A

True

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17
Q

Describe the appearance of a calyx

A

Green and leaf-like

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18
Q

Sepals of the calyx are free or fused

A

Both

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19
Q

What are the functions of the calyx?

A

Encloses and protects the inner whorls
Synthesizes food

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20
Q

What is found inside the calyx?

A

Corolla

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21
Q

Describe the appearance of the corolla

A

White or brightly coloured

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22
Q

What is the Corolla made of?

A

Made of Petals

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23
Q

Petals may be separate or fused. True or false?

A

True

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24
Q

What are the functions of the corolla?

A

Enclose and protect stamens and carpel
Attract pollinators

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25
Q

Forms the third whorl and is inside the Corolla.

A

Stamen

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26
Q

What are the stamen parts?

A

Filament, anther

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27
Q

Describe the filament

A

Slender, flexible, supports anther

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28
Q

Describe the anther

A

Male reproductive organ

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29
Q

Collectively, stamens are called what?

A

The androecium

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30
Q

What is the anthers function?

A

Produces pollen grains which contain the male reproductive cells

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31
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

Holds anther in the best position for pollen transfer

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32
Q

Where are carpels?

A

Innermost whorl of the flower

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33
Q

What is the carpel?

A

Female reproductive organ

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34
Q

What does the carpel consist of?

A

Ovary, style, stigma, gynoecium

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35
Q

Describe the ovary

A

Basal swollen portion

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36
Q

What does the style arise from?

A

The ovary

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37
Q

Where is the stigma?

A

At tip of style

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38
Q

What is the gynoecium?

A

Carpels collectively are called the gynoecium

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39
Q

What does the ovary contain?

A

The ovules

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40
Q

What does each ovule contain?

A

An egg cell

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41
Q

What is the style function?

A

Holds the stigma in best position for receiving pollen

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42
Q

What is stigma function?

A

Receives or traps pollen grains

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43
Q

What is the pistil?

A

When 2 or more carpels fuse

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44
Q

Where does fusion of the carpels occur?

A

Anywhere along the carpels

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45
Q

What is the locule?

A

The cavity in the ovary

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46
Q

In a pistil, what does the number of locals indicate?

A

The number of carpels that have fused to form the pistil

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47
Q

What are perfect flowers?

A

Have both stamens and pistils - are bisexual

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48
Q

What are imperfect flowers?

A

Have only stamens or have only pistils - are unisexual

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49
Q

If the androecium is absent, the flower is called?

A

Pistillate

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50
Q

If gynoecium is absent, the flower is called?

A

Staminate

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51
Q

What plant type have both staminate and pistillate flowers on the same individual?

A

Monoecious plants

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52
Q

What plant type has imperfect flowers on different individuals?

A

Dioecious plants

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53
Q

Are monoecious or dioecious plants unisexual?

A

Dioecious

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54
Q

What are complete flowers?

A

Have all four floral whorls

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55
Q

What are incomplete flowers?

A

Flowers missing any whorls

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56
Q

What is connation?

A

Fusion of parts within the same whorl

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57
Q

What is adnation?

A

Fusion of flower parts with members of other whorls

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58
Q

What is an example of adnation?

A

Fusion of stamens and Corolla

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59
Q

What is a hypanthium?

A

Fusion of sepals, petals, and stamens

60
Q

What shape is a flower if it has radial symmetry?

A

Round

61
Q

What type of symmetry is whorls are made up of members of similar shape and radiate from the under of the flower?

A

Radial symmetry

62
Q

What type of symmetry divides down the middle leaving equal left and right halves?

A

Bilateral symmetry

63
Q

What reproductive structure is the androecium?

A

Male reproductive structures

64
Q

What does each stamen consist of?

A

An anther and a filament

65
Q

Each anther contains four microsporangia called what?

A

Pollen sacs

66
Q

What is the anther composed of?

A

Connective tissue, septum, dehiscent cells, tapetum

67
Q

anther: what is the function of the connective tissue?

A

Holds pollen sacs together

68
Q

anther: what is the function of the septum?

A

Thin cell layer that divide the microsporangia on the same half of the anther

69
Q

The septum breaks down during:

A

Maturation

70
Q

anther: what is the deniscent cells?

A

Cells along the side of the anther that dry out and split so the pollen can escape

71
Q

anther: what is the tapetum?

A

Lines the pollen sacs

72
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the tapetum?

A

Provides nutrients for pollen mother cells (microsporocytes) so they can develop into microspores

Remnants of it coat pollen grains

73
Q

Another name for pollen mother cells

A

Microsporocytes

74
Q

What is derived from tapetum coating?

A

Sporopollenin

75
Q

What is microsporogenesis the formation of?

A

Microspores

76
Q

What is the site of microsporogenesis

A

Anther

77
Q

What does microsporogenesis occur in?

A

In microsporangia (pollen sacs)

78
Q

microsporocytes (diploid) undergo meiosis to form what?

A

A set of four haploid microspores

79
Q

What is microgametogenesis?

A

Development of the microgametophyte

80
Q

microgametogenesis occurs after what?

A

The tetrad of microspores has been formed

81
Q

microgametogenesis: pollen grain develops a resistant outer wall called ________ and an innerwall called _________?

A

Exine, intine

82
Q

Microspore divides by _________ to produce which a cells?

A

Mitosis
Tube cell, generative cell

83
Q

Example of an immature microgametophyte

A

Two-celled pollen grain

84
Q

What kind of reproductive parts does the gynoecium have?

A

Female reproductive parts

85
Q

what is the most exposed part of the gynoecium?

A

Stigma

86
Q

Gynoecium: where does pollen land?

A

Stigma

87
Q

Gynoecium: where does pollination occur?

A

Stigma

88
Q

Gynoecium: the style varies in:

A

Length

89
Q

Gynoecium: what connects the stigma to ovary?

A

Style

90
Q

Gynoecium: a pathway where the pollen tube grows

A

Style

91
Q

Gynoecium: The ovary contains?

A

Ovules

92
Q

3 different ovary positions

A

Hypogynous, epigynous, perigynous

93
Q

Hypogynous

A

Sepals, petals, stamens below ovary - no fusion

94
Q

Epigynous

A

Sepals, petals, stamens above ovary

95
Q

Perigynous

A

Ovary is within a hypanthium

96
Q

Each ____________ is a potential seed

A

Ovule

97
Q

What is the site of fertilization?

A

Ovule

98
Q

Where do ovules originate from and where are they attached to?

A

Originate from and are attached to the ovary at the placenta

99
Q

Ovules: 3 different placentation arrangements

A

Parietal, axis, free central

100
Q

Ovule: parietal

A

Ovules borne on ovary wall

101
Q

Ovule: axile

A

Ovules borne on central column, partitioned into locules

102
Q

Ovule: free central

A

Ovules borne on central column not connected to ovary roof

103
Q

A mature ovule contains? (6)

A

Funiculus, nucellus (megasporangium), integuments, micropyle, chalaza end, embryo sac

104
Q

What is the funiculus?

A

Stalk that attaches the ovule to the placenta

105
Q

What is the nucellus (megasporangium)?

A

Inner layer of cells where the embryo sac develops

106
Q

What is the integuments? What does it develop into?

A

Layer of tissue enclosing the nucellus
Develops into seed coat

107
Q

What is the micropyle? What does this passage allow for?

A

Small opening formed by the ends of the integuments
Passage where pollen tube grows

108
Q

What is the chalazal end?

A

Funiculus unites with nucellus and integuments

109
Q

Where is the chalazal end?

A

Opposite end from the micropyle

110
Q

What is the embryo sac? What does it have potential for?

A

Mature megagametophyte
Potential seed

111
Q

What is megasporogenesis?

A

Formation of the megaspore within the nucellus

112
Q

Where does megasporogenesis take place?

A

Inside the ovule

113
Q

megasporogenesis: single megasporocyte arises where?

A

In the nucellus

114
Q

megasporogenesis: diploid megasporocyte divides by ________ to form_____________?

A

Meiosis, four haploid megaspores

115
Q

megasporogenesis: usually ________ megaspores disintegrate

A

Three of the four

116
Q

megasporogenesis: megaspore closest to the __________ survives

A

Chalazal end

117
Q

What is megagametogenesis?

A

Development of the surviving megaspore into the embryo sac (megagametophyte)

118
Q

megagametogenesis: megaspore divides by ___________ how many times?

A

Mitosis, three times

119
Q

What does megagametogenesis result in?

A

A seven-celled, eight-nucleate embryo sac

120
Q

megagametogenesis: in the embryo sac, where are the three antipodals?

A

At the chalazal end of the embryo sac

121
Q

megagametogenesis: in the embryo sac, where is the egg apparatus and what does it include?

A

Egg apparatus at the micropylar end

Includes an egg cell and two synergids

122
Q

megagametogenesis: in the embryo sac, what is in the Center?

A

Two polar nuclei

123
Q

When pollen grains leave the pollen sac where do they land?

A

On a receptive pistil

124
Q

What is self pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen from the anther to stigma of the same flower

125
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another

126
Q

What happens when pollen lands on a stigma?

A

It takes up water

127
Q

What does a pollen grain form when it germinates?

A

A pollen tube

128
Q

What does the pollen tube contain?

A

A tube nucleus and two sperm cells

129
Q

The pollen tube grows to the embryo sac through what?

A

The style

130
Q

The pollen tube enters the ovule through the __________ and penetrates what?

A

Micropyle, penetrates a synergid

131
Q

What is released after the pollen tube penetrates a synergid?

A

Sperm cells and tube nucleus are released

132
Q

What occurs after sperm cells and tube nucleus are released?

A

Double fertilization

133
Q

What does one sperm cell uniting with the egg cell result in?

A

A diploid zygote

134
Q

What does the other sperm cell fuse with?

A

Polar nuclei

135
Q

What does the other sperm cell fusing with the polar nuclei result in?

A

A triploid primary endosperm nucleus

136
Q

The triploid primary endosperm nucleus divides to form what?

A

The endosperm

137
Q

What does the endosperm supply for the embryo?

A

Food

138
Q

Pollen dispersal mechanisms

A

Insects, wind

139
Q

Pollen dispersal: bees

Explain what bees recognize and their flowers

A

Recognize colours, odours, outlines

Bee flowers have brightly coloured petals

140
Q

Pollen dispersal: butterflies

Explain their flowers and location of nectar

A

Flowers are bright and have landing platforms

Nectar at base of long slender tube

141
Q

Pollen dispersal: moths

Explain colour, scent, and nectar location

A

Flowers are white or pale and have a strong sweet scent emitted at night

Nectar at the base of long slender tube

142
Q

Pollen dispersal: beetles, flies

What do they depend on?

A

Floral odour

143
Q

Pollen dispersal: birds

Explain nectar, scent, and their flowers

A

Lots of nectar, little scent

Flowers are colourful

144
Q

Pollen dispersal: bats

Explain nectar, flowers, and odour

A

Lots of nectar

Flowers are dull coloured and only open at night

Strong scent

145
Q

Pollen dispersal: wind

Explain pollen, nectar, colour, scent, and flowers

A

Passive- large amounts of pollen

No nectar produced, dull colours, no scent

Petals small or absent

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