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BOTANY > Lecture 7 - Stems - Secondary Growth > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Stems - Secondary Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the width of a plant undergoing secondary growth?

A

Width increases

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2
Q

Do herbaceous plants undergo secondary growth?

A

They undergo little or no secondary growth

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3
Q

What plants do undergo secondary growth?

A

Woody plants

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4
Q

Describe secondary growth in monocots and dicots

A

secondary growth is common in dicots and is seen in 10% of monocots

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5
Q

What are the 2 lateral meristems of secondary growth?

A
  • Vascular cambium
  • cork cambium
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6
Q

Explain stem growth of primary growth

A

Growth in length of stem

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7
Q

What tissue pattern is produced by primary growth?

A

Basic tissue pattern

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8
Q

Explain stem growth of secondary growth

A

Growth in width of stem

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9
Q

What tissue is produced by secondary growth?

A

Secondary vascular tissue

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10
Q

What is secondary growth useful for?

A

increasing rate of transportation to expanding shoot

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11
Q

secondary growth increases plant stability which reduces the risk of what?

A

Lodging

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12
Q

What are the secondary tissues?

A

Cork, phelloderm, secondary phloem, secondary Xylem

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13
Q

What does the vascular cambium form?

A

Vascular tissue

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14
Q

Where does division of the vascular cambium occur?

A

At both fascicular and interfascicular regions

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15
Q

Where is the vascular cambium?

A

Innermost layer of bark, between the xylem and phloem

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16
Q

How does the vascular cambium grow?

A

Grow to the inside and outside

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17
Q

Cells on the inside of the vascular cambium are called?

A

Secondary xylem

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18
Q

Cells on the outside of the vascular cambium are called?

A

Secondary phloem

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19
Q

What are the 2 kinds of vascular cambium cells?

A
  • Fusiform initials
  • ray initials
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20
Q

Describe shape of fusiform initials

A

Longer than they are wide

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21
Q

What do fusiform initials produce?

A

Axial (vertical) transport system cells

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22
Q

What are the Axial (vertical) transport system cells?

A
  • Sieve-tube elements, companion cells, sieve cells, albuminous cells, fibers
  • tracheids, vessels
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23
Q

What do ray initials produce?

A

Radial (lateral) transport system cells (vascular rays)

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24
Q

What alls are presentin ray initials?

A

Parenchyma cells

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25
Q

What shape are ray initials?

A

Usually isodiametric

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26
Q

Where are ray initials located?

A

Extend from secondary Xylem to secondary phloem

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27
Q

Ray initials: what is the function of vascular rays?

A

Pathways for movement of food and water and are storage centers

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28
Q

What does the vascular cambium arise from?

A

Procambium

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29
Q

What does the fascicular cambium arise from?

A

Undifferentiated cells between the primary xylem and phloem

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30
Q

What does the interfascicular cambium arise from?

A

Parenchyma of interfascicular region

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31
Q

What does the production of secondary Xylem and phloem result in?

A

Formation of a cylinder of vascular tissue

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32
Q

What extends through the cylinder of vascular tissue?

A

Rays

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33
Q

Is more secondary Xylem or secondary phloem produced during development of secondary tissues?

A

Usually more secondary Xylem is produced

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34
Q

development of secondary tissues: what happens to primary phloem?

A

Pushed outward and destroyed

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35
Q

development of secondary tissues: what happens to phloem fibers?

A

They remain intact

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36
Q

The vascular cambium is __________ in temperate zones.

A

Seasonal

37
Q

When is the vascular cambium active and inactive?

A

Active from spring to fall, inactive in winter

38
Q

Activity of vascular cambium: describe the Xylem in spring.

A

Large diameter and thin walls

39
Q

Activity of vascular cambium: describe the Xylem in summer.

A

Small diameter and thick walls

40
Q

What does the pattern of vascular cambium activity produce?

A

Annual rings

41
Q

What factors vary the width of individual growth rings?

A

Light, temperature, rainfall, length of growing season

42
Q

Growth ring width a good indicator of what?

A

Rainfall - wide if lots of rain

43
Q

How can the age of a tree be estimated?

A

By counting the growth rings at the oldest port of the trunk

44
Q

What is dendrochronology?

A

Dating events and climatic changes by comparing growth rings

45
Q

What kind of trees do not have annual rings?

A

Tropical trees

46
Q

What is wood?

A

Secondary Xylem

47
Q

What is heartwood?

A

Wood in the centre of the tree - no longer conducting

48
Q

What is sapwood?

A

Wood at the periphery of the stem - actively conducting

49
Q

Another name for hardwoods

A

Angiosperms

50
Q

Another name for softwoods

A

Conifers

51
Q

What do hardwoods contain?

A

Tracheids, vessels, fibers, parenchyma

52
Q

Describe the rays of hardwoods

A

Larger

53
Q

What do softwoods contain?

A

Tracheids, parenchyma, may have resin ducts

54
Q

Where is bark?

A

All tissue outside the vascular cambium

55
Q

What does inner bark include?

A

Secondary phloem

56
Q

Where is inner bark?

A

Inside the innermost cork cambium

57
Q

Inner bark contains ______ tissues

A

Living

58
Q

What is inner barks function?

A

Conducts food

59
Q

What does outer bark include?

A

Periderm

60
Q

Where is outer bark?

A

Outside the innermost cork cambium

61
Q

Outer bark contains ______ tissues

A

Dead

62
Q

What is outer barks function?

A

Provides protection

63
Q

What is the periderm?

A

Dermal tissue of the secondary plant body

64
Q

What does the periderm replace?

A

The epidermis

65
Q

Why is the periderm needed?

A

The increase in diameter of the stem causes the epidermis to crack and split open

66
Q

What is cork produced by?

A

Cork cambium

67
Q

What happens to cork as the stem diameter increases?

A

Increases in diameter

68
Q

1 year old stem: what happens to cortex cells under the epidermis?

A

Become meristematic- produces cork cambium

69
Q

1 year old stem: cork cambium produces what to the outside and inside?

A

Outside - cork cells
Inside - phelloderm

70
Q

Describe cork cells

A

Flattened and have waxy suberin in cell walls

71
Q

What is cork cell function?

A

Seal stem against water loss, insects, bacteria, and fungi

72
Q

At the end of one year, the stem contains:

A
  • Remnants of epidermis
  • periderm
  • cortex
  • primary phloem
  • secondary phloem
  • vascular cambium
  • secondary Xylem
  • primary xylem
  • pith
73
Q

Stems 3-4 years: a new ___________ forms because the old one dies

A

Cork cambium

74
Q

Stems 3-4 years: where does the new cork cambium form?

A

Outer region of the still living phloem

75
Q

Stems 3-4 years: what happens to old secondary phloem?

A

Gets separated from the rest of the phloem by the new periderm and is sloughed off

76
Q

What can damage the vascular cambium? What can the damage lead to?

A

A porcupine girdling a tree breaks the outer bark and they eat the phloem. This can lead to death of the tree

77
Q

What are the external features of woody twigs?

A

Buds, stem buds, bud scales, bud scale scars, leaf scars

78
Q

Describe buds

A

Small swellings or bumps on the stem around a node

79
Q

What tissue do buds contain? What will they develop into?

A

Meristematic tissue that will develop into a stem, leaf, or flower

80
Q

Stem buds are apical (terminal) if?

A

They are at the top or end of a stem

81
Q

Stem buds are lateral (axillary) if?

A

If in a leaf axil

82
Q

What are bud scales?

A

Modified leaves that cover the buds during winter dormancy

83
Q

How do bud scale scars occur?

A

When the bud breaks dormancy in the spring and the scale falls off.

84
Q

What can bud scale scars determine?

A

The age of a twig

85
Q

What can you see at the locations where leaves were attached?

A

Leaf scars

86
Q

Most monocots __________ secondary growth

A

Do not have

87
Q

Monocot: Some palms undergo secondary growth called?

A

Diffuse secondary growth

88
Q

Monocot: what do parenchyma cells of ground tissue do?

A

Continue to divide and expand for a long time. Also an increase in size of intercellular spaces

BOTANY (10 decks)

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