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BOTANY > Lecture 10 - Embryos, Seeds, And Fruits > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Embryos, Seeds, And Fruits Flashcards

1
Q

When does embryogenesis begin?

A

When the zygote divides

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2
Q

4 developmental processes of embryogenesis

A

Pattern formation, cell diversification, growth and morphogenesis, maturation

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3
Q

embryogenesis: describe pattern formation

A

Axis defined, tissue layers organized, organs established

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4
Q

embryogenesis: cell diversification

A

Cell types are defined

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5
Q

embryogenesis: maturation

A

Storage reserves accumulate, desiccation

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6
Q

embryogenesis: zygote divides into?

A

2 cells

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7
Q

embryogenesis: upper cell at the chalazal pole and gives rise to?

A

The mature embryo

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8
Q

embryogenesis: lower cell at the micropylar pole and produces the?

A

Suspensor

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9
Q

What does the suspensor anchor?

A

The embryo

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10
Q

The suspensor is a conduit for nutrient passage from the ________ to the ________?

A

Endosperm to the embryo

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11
Q

Suspensor provides growth regulators to the?

A

Embryo

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12
Q

Suspensor undergoes programmed cell death before what?

A

Embryo maturation

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13
Q

Globular stage: describe embryo symmetry and shape

A

Radial symmetry - spherical

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14
Q

Globular stage: what develops as the outer layer?

A

Protoderm

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15
Q

Globular stage: what develops inside?

A

Procambium and ground meristem

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16
Q

Globular stage: what does the upper tier of cells produce?

A

Cotyledons and shoot meristem

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17
Q

Globular stage: what does the lower tier of cells produce?

A

Hypocotyl and root meristem

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18
Q

Is the heart stage seen in monocots or dicots?

A

Dicots

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19
Q

Describe heart stage symmetry

A

Bilateral

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20
Q

What pattern is visible in the heart stage?

A

Apical-basal pattern

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21
Q

What does the axis consist of in the heart stage?

A

Shoot meristem, cotyledons, hypocotyl, embryonic root (radicle), and root meristem

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22
Q

What elongates in the torpedo stage?

A

Cotyledons and axis elongate

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23
Q

What extends in the torpedo stage?

A

Primary meristems extend

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24
Q

What happens to the embryo in the torpedo stage?

A

Embryo may remain straight or curve

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25
Q

What begins to accumulate during the torpedo stage?

A

Proteins, starch, and lipids

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26
Q

What is completed in the maturation stage?

A

Synthesis of storage materials is computed

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27
Q

What happens to the seed during the maturation stage?

A

Seed becomes desiccated

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28
Q

Why does the seed coat harden during the maturation stage?

A

To protect embryo and stored food

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29
Q

Name the six dicot seed structures

A

Funiculus, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle, cotyledons, hilum

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30
Q

Dicot seed structures: what is the funiculus?

A

Stalk that attaches ovule to ovary

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31
Q

Dicot seed structures: where is the epicotyl region?

A

Region above the cotyledons and below the foliage leaf

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32
Q

Dicot seed structures: where is the hypocotyl region?

A

Region between the cotyledons and the radicle

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33
Q

Dicot seed structures: what is the radicle?

A

Embryo root

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34
Q

Dicot seed structures: what is the cotyledons And what is their function?

A

First leaves - store nutrients for the developing embryo

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35
Q

Dicot seed structures: what is the hilum ?

A

Scar left on seed after it detaches from the funiculus

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36
Q

What are the seven monocot seed structures (grasses)?

A

Suspensor, coleorhiza, scutellum, coleoptile, epicotyl, mesocotyl, radicle

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37
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - what is the suspensor?

A

Large multicellular structure

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38
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - what is the coleorhiza?

A

Sheath that surrounds the root and protects it from the soil

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39
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - how many cotyledons does the suspensor have?

A

Single cotyledon

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40
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - what is the scutellums shape?

A

Shield-shaped

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41
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - what is the scuttellums function?

A

Transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo

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42
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - what is the coleoptile?

A

Sheath that surrounds first leaves - protects them from the soil

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43
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - what is the epicotyl region?

A

Region of embryo above the scutellar node

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44
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - which seed structure has a shoot apex and leaf primordia?

A

Epicotyl

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45
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) -mesocotyl is the internode between which 2 structures?

A

Internode between the scuttlelar node and the coleoptile

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46
Q

Monocot seed structures (grasses) - what is the radicle?

A

Embryo root

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47
Q

What is the seed coat formed and developed from?

A

Formed from Maternal structures, develops from integuments

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48
Q

What is the seed coat protection for?

A

The embryo

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49
Q

What dues seed coat thickness depend on?

A

Environmental requirements of the seed

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50
Q

If a seed is wind dispersed what is the thickness of its coat?

A

Thin

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51
Q

If a seed is exposed to large amounts of water what will the seed coat be like?

A

Thick and water resistant

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52
Q

Is a cuticle present in the seed coat?

A

Often, yes

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53
Q

4 surface characteristics of seed coats:

A

Hairs, ribs, spines, wings

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54
Q

What does the seed coat regulate into the seed?

A

Passage of gases and water

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55
Q

When the seed coat regulates passage of gases and water into the seed what does this determine?

A

Timing of germination

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56
Q

What is the endosperm for the embryo?

A

Food source

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57
Q

The endospermis a food source for the embryo until what?

A

Until photosynthesis begins

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58
Q

Describe the endosperm of an albuminous seed

A

Lots of endosperm presentat seed maturity

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59
Q

What are 3 examples of an albuminous seed?

A

Castor bean, wheat, corn

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60
Q

Describe the endosperm of an exalbuminous seed

A

Little endosperm remains at seed maturity

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61
Q

What are 2 examples of an exalbuminous seed?

A

Common bean, pea

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62
Q

What period do most seeds have To go through before they can germinate?

A

Dormancy period

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63
Q

What does the dormancy period ensure for the seed?

A

Ensures conditions are favourable for growth of the seeding

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64
Q

What are 6 ways the dormancy period maybe broken?

A

Period of Cold weather, passing through digestive tract, inhibitors being leached away by rain, mechanical cracking, fire, increased light

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65
Q

Seed germination is the resumption of what?

A

Embryonic growth

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66
Q

What external factors is seed germination dependent on?

A

Water, oxygen, temperature

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67
Q

What is required for the metabolic activities of seed germination?

A

Water

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68
Q

What happens to permeability when the seed coat breaks?

A

Permeability to water increases

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69
Q

During seed germination, what does water dilute?

A

Dilutes out growth inhibitors

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70
Q

During seed germination, what do enzymes break down?

A

Food reserves

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71
Q

During seed germination, what happens when the seed coat ruptures?

A

Oxygen uptake increases with exposure to air

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72
Q

What is optimal germination temperature?

A

25°c to 30°c

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73
Q

Dicot seed germination: what is the first structure to emerge?

A

The root

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74
Q

Dicot seed germination: 2 ways the shoot emerges from the seed

A

Epigeal germination, hypogeal germination

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75
Q

Epigeal germination: what breaks through the seed coat?

76
Q

Epigeal germination: what happens to the hypocotyl?

A

Elongates and becomes bent

77
Q

Epigeal germination: when the hook reaches the surface it:

A

Straightens

78
Q

Epigeal germination: what does the hook pull with it?

A

Pulls the cotyledons and epicotyl (not pushed through the soil)

79
Q

Hypogeal germination: what breaks through the seed coat?

80
Q

Hypogeal germination: what happens to the epicotyl?

A

Elongates and forms a hook

81
Q

Hypogeal germination: what is raised above the soil when the epicotyl straightens?

82
Q

Hypogeal germination: what happens to the cotyledons?

A

Remain underground

83
Q

Seed germination-grasses: what emerges first?

A

Coleorhiza

84
Q

Seed germination-grasses: radicle pushes through and develops into?

A

A small and temporary primary root

85
Q

Seed germination-grasses: what is the embryonic shoot enclosed in when it emerges from the seed?

A

Coleoptile

86
Q

Seed germination-grasses: what happens to the scuttellum and endosperm?

A

Remain underground

87
Q

Seed germination-grasses: what happens to the shoot apical meristem and young leaves?

A

Break through the coleoptile

88
Q

Seed germination-grasses: what do adventitious roots develop from?

A

Lower nodes of the stem

89
Q

What is a fruit?

A

A mature ovary

90
Q

Fruits are adaptations that result in what?

A

Protection and distribution of seeds

91
Q

What is abiotic seed dispersal?

A

Gravity, wind, water

92
Q

What is biotic seed dispersal?

A

Insects, birds, mammals

93
Q

What are characteristics of seeds that are dispersed by wind?

A

Light-weight, wings (maple), pappus-modified calyx-dandelion, whole plant blown (tumbleweed)

94
Q

Seed dispersal: shooting seeds

A

Seeds forcefully ejected

95
Q

Seed dispersal: water dispersal

A

Float because air is trapped in the fruit (coconut)
Rain

96
Q

Seed dispersal: what type of fruits attract birds or mammals to eat it?

A

Sweet, fleshy fruits

97
Q

How do animals disperse seeds?

A

Seeds pass through digestive tract or are regurgitated

98
Q

Ripe fruit is often __________ _________, unripe fruit is often ___________

A

Brightly coloured, bitter

99
Q

Seed dispersal: describe mechanical attachment on animals

A

Hooks, barbs, spines, hairs, sticky substances

100
Q

Seed dispersal: how do ants disperse seed?

A

Seed coated with nutrients, ants carry to nest where it will germinate

101
Q

Types of seed dispersal (4):

A

Wind, shooting seeds, water dispersal, animals

102
Q

Does a fruit include additional flower parts?

A

May or may not

103
Q

What fruit type retain additional flower parts?

A

Accessory fruits

104
Q

What fruit type develops without fertilization or seeds in them?

A

Parthenocarpic fruit

105
Q

Parthenocarpic fruit examples

A

Some orange varieties, banana

106
Q

What does the pericarp surround?

107
Q

What is the pericarp divided into?

A

Exocarp, endocarp, mesocarp

108
Q

What is the exocarp?

A

Outer skin

109
Q

What is the endocarp and its texture?

A

Layer adjacent to seed - may be hard or papery

110
Q

What is the mesocarp?

A

Fleshy portion between exocarp and endocarp

111
Q

What does a simple fruit develop from?

A

Develops from one carpel or pistil

112
Q

2 types of compound fruit:

A

Aggregate fruit, multiple fruit

113
Q

compound fruit: what does an aggregate fruit develop from?

A

Develops from a number of separate carpels of one gynoecium

114
Q

compound fruit: what do multiple fruits consist of?

A

Consist of gynoecia of more than one flower

115
Q

compound fruit: where are the ovaries fused in multiple fruits?

A

Ovaries fused on the axis where flowers were borne

116
Q

Describe simple fruits

A

Either fleshy or dry

117
Q

5 example of fleshy fruits (simple fruit)

A

Berries, hesperidium, pepo, drupe, pome

118
Q

Are fleshy or dry fruits often edible?

119
Q

Simple fruit: the ovary wall of berries becomes?

A

Almost completely fleshy

120
Q

Simple fruit: where are the seeds in berries?

A

Embedded in fleshy tissue

121
Q

Simple fruit: examples of berries

A

Grapes, tomatoes

122
Q

Simple fruit: describe the outside of a hesperidium fruit

A

Covered with a leathery rind

123
Q

Simple fruit: describe texture of partitions that separate the carpels in hesperidium fruit

A

Tough and fibrous

124
Q

Simple fruit: 3 examples of hesperidium

A

Oranges, lemon, grapefruit

125
Q

Simple fruit: describe the outside of a pepo fruit

A

Covered by hard and thick rind

126
Q

Simple fruit: describe the ovary wall below rind of a pepo fruit

A

Ovary wall is soft and fleshy

127
Q

Simple fruit: where are the seeds of a pepo fruit?

A

Seeds fill the locule of each carpel

128
Q

Simple fruit: 3 examples of pepo fruit

A

Cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon

129
Q

Simple fruit: what is a drupe?

A

Fleshy fruit with hard, stony pit containing a seed

130
Q

Simple fruit: describe the covering of a drupe and what it is derived from

A

Covered by thin skin

Derived from outer layer of ovary - exocarp

131
Q

Simple fruit: what is the soft fleshy portion of a drupe derived from?

A

Derived from middle ovary layer- mesocarp

132
Q

Simple fruit: what is the hard pit of a drupe derived from?

A

Derived from inner ovary layer- endocarp

133
Q

Simple fruit: a single seed of a drupe is found where?

A

Inside the pit

134
Q

Simple fruit: what is a pome derived from?

A

Derived from the ovary and the perianth

135
Q

Simple fruit: a pome derived from the ovary and the perianth is called?

A

An accessory fruit

136
Q

Simple fruit: the fleshy portion of a pome is from the?

137
Q

Simple fruit: describe the endocarp of a pome

A

Tough membrane

138
Q

2 ways dry fruits are classified

A

Dry dehiscent fruit, dry indehiscent fruit

139
Q

What is a dry dehiscent fruit?

A

Fruit opens along a seam and sheds seeds into the environment

140
Q

What is a dry indehiscent fruit?

A

Fruits retain their seeds after ripening

141
Q

dry dehiscent - legume: 2 lines of dehiscence where?

A

Where the fruit splits open

142
Q

dry dehiscent - legume: what is it derived from? What is there 2 rows of?

A

Derived from single carpel, 2 rows of ovules

143
Q

dry dehiscent - legume: characteristic of 2 examples

A

Peas, beans

144
Q

dry dehiscent - capsule: composed of how many carpels?

A

Composed of more than one carpel

145
Q

dry dehiscent - capsule: seeds may be shed when the capsule splits:

A

Longitudinally

146
Q

dry dehiscent - capsule: what is another way some seeds can be shed?

A

Through holes in the top of the capsule

147
Q

dry dehiscent - follicle: how many carpels is it developed from? How and when does it split?

A

Single carpel, splits down one side at maturity

148
Q

dry dehiscent - follicle: what direction is the split?

A

Lengthwise

149
Q

dry dehiscent - silique: how many carpels is it formed from?

A

Formed of 2 fused carpels

150
Q

dry dehiscent - silique: 2 sides of the fruit are split off when?

A

At maturity

151
Q

dry dehiscent - silique: where are the seeds attached?

A

To a persistent central portion

152
Q

dry dehiscent - silique: example

A

Seen in mustard family (brassicaceae), Canola

153
Q

dry indehiscent - achene: what is an achene?

A

Small single seeded fruit

154
Q

dry indehiscent - achene: where are the seeds?

A

Seed lies in locule except for its attachment to the funiculus

155
Q

dry indehiscent - achene: describe seed coat attachment

A

Not attached to the pericarp

156
Q

dry indehiscent - achene: what does the fruit resemble?

157
Q

dry indehiscent - caryopsis (grain): seed coat is firmly United where?

A

To the fruit wall

158
Q

dry indehiscent - caryopsis (grain): describe the fruit wall

A

Thin and transparent

159
Q

dry indehiscent - caryopsis (grain): produced by members of which family?

A

Grass family

160
Q

dry indehiscent -Samara: what is a typical trait of this fruit?

161
Q

dry indehiscent -Samara: what do wings develop from?

A

Ovary wall

162
Q

dry indehiscent -Samara: how are these fruits dispersed?

A

Wind dispersed

163
Q

dry indehiscent -Samara: how many seeds do they have?

A

Contains a single seed

164
Q

dry indehiscent - nut: what other fruit does it resemble?

A

Resemble achene but are larger

165
Q

dry indehiscent - nut: describe the fruit wall

A

Stony fruit wall

166
Q

dry indehiscent - nut: in acorn and chestnut the shell is the:

What does it develop from?

A

Coat of the fruit

Develops from ovary wall

167
Q

dry indehiscent - nut: what is covering the hard shell in walnuts and pecans

168
Q

What are aggregate fruits results of?

A

Results from joining together of several ovaries of the same flower

169
Q

Aggregate fruits: how many carpels does the flower have?

A

Flower has several carpels

170
Q

Aggregate fruits: what does each ovary contain and what do they develop into?

A

Contains a single ovule that develops into a seed after fertilization

171
Q

Aggregate fruits: what happens as the ovaries increase in size?

A

They attach to each other

172
Q

Aggregate fruits can also be:

A

Accessory fruits

173
Q

Example of an aggregate fruit

174
Q

Why is raspberry an aggregate fruit?

A

Each fruit in the aggregate is a drupe with a stony pit

175
Q

Example of an accessory aggregate fruit

A

Strawberry

176
Q

Ovaries of the strawberry flower develop into?

177
Q

Achenes of the strawberry are embedded where?

A

Embedded in the surface of the enlarged floral receptacle

178
Q

What do multiple fruits develop from?

A

Develop from a cluster of flowers

179
Q

What do individual fruits of multiple fruits in the cluster develop from?

A

From one ovary and accessory parts of the flower

180
Q

Example of a multiple fruit

181
Q

Multiple fruits: a pineapple is a cluster of?

A

Cluster of mature ovaries

182
Q

Multiple fruits: what are the accessory parts of a pineapple?

A

Receptacle, parts of the sepals and bracts

183
Q

Multiple fruits: what is on top of the pineapple?

A

Green bracts

184
Q

All plants exhibit an alternation of:

A

Generations in their life cycles

185
Q

Alternation of generations: A diploid sporphyle generation alternates with a?

A

Haploid gametophyte generation

186
Q

Diploid sporophyte generation

A

Spore- forming phase

187
Q

Haploid gametophyte generation

A

Gamete-forming phase

BOTANY (10 decks)

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