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PVM III > Lecture 9: Ruminant Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Ruminant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What taxonomy are ruminants

A

Ungulata

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2
Q

What order are ruminants

A

Artiodactyla

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3
Q

What suborder are cows, bison, goats, sheep

A

Bovidae

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4
Q

What suborder are camels, llamas, alpacas

A

Camelidae

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5
Q

What is the definition of a ruminant

A

Even toed hooved mammals that chew cud and have a complex 4 chamber stomach

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6
Q

What is the order through the 4 chamber stomach

A
  1. Reticulum
  2. Rumen
  3. Omasum
  4. Abomasum
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7
Q

What part of the 4 chambered stomach is glandular and synonymous to monogastric stomach

A

Abomasum

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8
Q

What side of the GI does majority of the rumen occupy

A

Left

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9
Q

What type of food do concentrate selectors eat

A

Soluble fibers, berries, fruit

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10
Q

What type of food do intermediate selectors eat

A

More fiber components, adaptable to both concentrates and low quality feeds

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11
Q

What feeding type is most advanced to foregut utilization

A

Grass/roughage feeders

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12
Q

What are pseudoruminants

A

Cud-chewing animals with 3 compartment stomachs and feet that resemble pads more than hooves

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13
Q

What are the first 2 stomachs (C1-2) in a pseudoruminant similar to in ruminant

A

Reticulum and rumen

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14
Q

What is the third compartment in a pseudoruminant similar to in a ruminant

A

Abomasum

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15
Q

What compartment in pseudoruminants secretes mucus and buffers

A

First compartment

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16
Q

What tastes do calves prefer

A

Sweet (sucrose, fructose, glucose)

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17
Q

What tastes do calves reject

A

Acidic

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18
Q

What taste do adult cattle prefer

A

Sweet and salty

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19
Q

What taste do adult cattle reject

A

Bitter (alkaloids)

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20
Q

Why are ruminant diets so diverse

A

Change depending on stage of production (ex: lactating, dry, calving, etc)

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21
Q

What do wintered cow-calves normally feed on

A

Grass

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22
Q

What do dairy cows usually feed on

A

Mix of hay, grain, vitamins and minerals
*70% grain

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23
Q

What do feedlot steer normally eat

A

Very high protein diet ~90% grain

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24
Q

Do wintered cows: cow-calf require more crude protein or fiber in their diet

A

Fiber

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25
Q

Feed intake determines the level of ___

A

Production

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26
Q

Feed intake affects the rate of __ and digestion in the rumen

A

Passage

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27
Q

How does cold weather affect feed intake

A

Increases it, require more energy

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28
Q

How does lactation affect feed intake

A

Increase it, need lots of energy for milk production

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29
Q

How does pregnancy affect feed intake

A

Decreases it, especially in last trimester

Feed higher concentrated feed

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30
Q

How does heat affect feed intake

A

Decreases

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31
Q

How does increased fat intake affect feed intake

A

Decreases

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32
Q

Provide some management factors that are related to feed intake

A
  1. Accessibility to feed
  2. Method of presentation
  3. Stress
  4. Housing conditions
  5. Handling/care
  6. Social interactions
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33
Q

Why are anabolic processes critical for a healthy rumen

A

Convert non-protein nitrogen sources to protein

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34
Q

What are some byproducts of fermentation

A

VFA, CO2, methane, ammonia, B vitamins, Non toxic compounds

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35
Q

What are some advantages of pregastric fermentation (3)

A
  1. Provide energy from fibrous material
  2. Microbes synthesized provide amino acids
  3. B complex vitamins
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36
Q

What are some disadvantages of pregastric fermentation (3)

A
  1. Digest readily available substrates such as starch, sugar, and proteins
  2. Reduce quality of high-quality proteins
  3. Produce a number of toxins
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37
Q

T or F: fermentation is efficient

A

False

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38
Q

What are some toxins produced by pregastric fermentation

A
  1. Nitrates—> nitrites
  2. Urea—> ammonia
  3. Non structural carbs—> lactic acid
  4. Tryptophan—>3-methyl indole
  5. Isoflabonoid estrogens—> estrogen
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39
Q

How is controlled amounts of urea helpful vs too much can become toxic

A
  1. Controlled amounts of urea can be given to cattle to produce proteins
  2. Too much urea can make too much ammonia and be toxic
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40
Q

How is chewing cud important to maintain ruminal pH

A

Rumen is producing a lot of VFA causing the rumen to become acidic, chewing cud allows the saliva to produce sodium bicarbonate and phosphates that will buffer ruminal fluid to prevent acidosis

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41
Q

What enzyme breaks down starch

A

Alpha-amylase

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42
Q

What is the most concentrated VFA in high grain diets

A

Propionate

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43
Q

What is the most concentrated VFA in high forage diets

A

Acetate

44
Q

What are the two potential outcomes of dietary proteins

A
  1. Soluble proteins that will be broken down to amino acids—> ammonia and get absorbed in rumen only allowing some proteins to get absorbed in abomasum
  2. Insoluble proteins bypass rumen and get absorbed in abomasum
45
Q

What is the fate of free amino acids in the rumen

A

Get transported into bacterial cells and are utilized for synthesis of microbial proteins and metabolized into energy

46
Q

What are bypass proteins

A

Proteins not extensively degraded by rumen

47
Q

What are natural bypass proteins

A

Corn proteins, blood proteins, feather meal

48
Q

What are some ways to modify proteins to make them more bypass like

A
  1. Heat
  2. Chemicals
49
Q

When fat intake increases digestibility ___

A

Decreases

50
Q

Digestibility ___ with increased saturated fats

A

Decreases

51
Q

What is the fat content like in forage diets

A

Low ~1-4%

52
Q

What are fat contents like in grain diets

A

Variable but ~4-20%

53
Q

What happens to fatty acids in the rumen

A

Take polyunsaturated fatty acids and hydrogenate them to hydrogenated fatty acids

54
Q

___ acid depresses hydrogenation of FA

A

Linoleic

55
Q

Describe the normal pathway of conjugated linoleic acid in a high roughage diet

A
  1. Linoleic acid (Cis)
  2. Stearic acid
56
Q

Describe the conjugated linoleic acid pathway in high concentrate diets (low ruminal pH)

A
  1. linoleic acid (cis)
  2. CLA isomer (trans)
57
Q

What is the negative impact of the CLA isomer (trans) as a result of a high grain diet

A

This isomer is inhibitory to milk fat synthesis

58
Q

What are the effects of adding fat to ruminant diets (4)

A
  1. Reduced feed intake
  2. Reduced fiber digestion
  3. Reduced milk fat
  4. Increased propionate/acetate
59
Q

Why would you want to add fat to a ruminant diet

A
  1. Increase energy density in diet
  2. Increase milk production or gain
60
Q

What is the most important thing to make sure a calf gets after birth

A

Colostrum

61
Q

How much colostrum does a calf need

A

10% body weight within 24hrs, at least half within first 3 hrs

62
Q

When is grain, calf starter added into diet

A

1st or 2nd week

63
Q

Why do you want to make sure you don’t overfeed powdered milk to calf

A

Abomastitis

64
Q

What type of diet does a far off dry dairy cow (60-30 days) get

A

High fiber, moderate energy diet

Corn silage, alfalfa, soybean meal, grass hay

65
Q

What does a close up dry dairy cow (0-30 days) get fed

A

TMR, moderate energy feed

66
Q

Older cows are commonly given what 2 weeks prior to next lactation cycle

A

Minerals with ammonium, calcium chloride, and low magnesium to prevent hypocalcemia

67
Q

What do lactating dairy cows get fed

A

TMR

68
Q

TMR feeding provides better performance in __ and __ production because of ___ consistency

A

Milk, meat, and rumen environment consistency

69
Q

What type of proteins should lactating dairy cows be fed, soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble—> bypass proteins

70
Q

What do cow calf beef cattle get fed

A

Mostly pasture with some supplements of vitamins, grains and minerals in dry or winter seasons

71
Q

What is the 7-9-11 rule in feeding beef cattle

A

Protein requirements are 7, 9, and 11% for mid-gestation, late pregnancy, and lactation respectively

72
Q

What is the 14-12-10 rule in feeding beef cattle

A

Protein requirements for feeder calves are 14% in 550-800lbs, 12% in 800-1000lbs and 10% in 1000lbs

73
Q

What is the 55-60-65 rule in feeding beef cattle

A

Energy requirements for beef cattle in midgestation are 55%, 60% in late gestation and 65% in early postpartum

74
Q

What do feedlot cattle get fed

A

TMR
80-90% concentrate
10% fiber

75
Q

What % BW should feedlot cattle be eating/day

A

1.5-3.5%

76
Q

How many lbs should feedlot cattle gain/day

A

2.5-3.5lbs

77
Q

What are some non-protein nitrogen sources that can be added to feedlot cattle diet

A
  1. Broiler litter
  2. Biurate or urea
  3. Trace minerals
78
Q

What is the purpose of partitioning agents

A

Partition energy to muscle and fat

79
Q

How do implants work as partitioning agents

A

Increase insulin growth like factor 1 (IGF1) and average daily gain (ADG)

80
Q

How do ionophores work as partitioning agents

A

Anti microbials that increase feed efficiency

81
Q

In addition to increasing feed efficiency, ionophores also prevent __ and ___

A

Bloat and ruminal acidosis

82
Q

How does pulmonary edema occur as a result of rumen metabolic disorders

A

Switching from dry forage to lush green pastures

Lush green pastures are high in tryptophan which converts to 3-methyl indole and that produces a toxic metabolite that damages lung tissue

83
Q

How do we prevent pulmonary edema from occurring as a result of rumen metabolic disorders

A

Gradual adaption to pastures high in tryptophan and can give ionophores

84
Q

What is bloat in ruminants

A

Gas trapped in rumen, causes abdominal distention and asphyxiation

85
Q

What is free gas bloat

A

Gas trapped in rumen contents and forms foam

Results in obstruction in esophagus

86
Q

What can cause free gas bloat

A

Animals switched from forage to high grain diets

Fermentable carbs produce lots of gas and decrease pH can increase ruminal contractions

87
Q

What side of the animal would be distended in bloat

A

Left—rumen is on the left side

88
Q

How can you determine if an animal has free gas bloat vs frothy bloat

A

Pass a stomach tube, in free gas bloat there will be an obstruction in the esophagus but not in frothy bloat

89
Q

What is frothy bloat

A

Rumen filled with froth or foam

90
Q

What can cause frothy bloat

A

Legumes or grain

91
Q

How can we treat bloat

A
  1. Rumenotomy or trocarization
  2. Stomach tube- can pass oils through to break up foam
92
Q

What can be done for chronic bloaters

A

Sx implant of temporary fistula

93
Q

What causes ruminal lactic acidosis

A

Excessive highly fermentable carbohydrates (grain)

94
Q

What is the number one nutritional feedlot problem

A

Ruminal lactic acidosis

95
Q

What do the fermentable carbohydrates in ruminal acidosis produce lots of

A

VFA and lactic acid which can be toxic

96
Q

How is hydration affected in ruminal lactic acidosis

A

Lactic acid creates an osmotic pull of water into rumen, dehydrating animal

97
Q

How does ketosis happen in ruminants

A

Usually a result of a negative energy balance caused by high rate of milk production resulting in conversion of FA to ketones

98
Q

What is polioencephalomalcia

A

Result of acid build up in the rumen that kills good microbes that produce vitamin B complexes during fermentation. Vit B1 is needed for glucose metabolism in the brain so without that we can get lesions, swelling, necrosis, and edema in the brain

99
Q

What are some clinical signs of polioencephalomalacia

A

Dullness, muscular spasms, circling, blindness, convulsions, death

100
Q

Polioencephalomalacia is caused by a severe deficiency in ___

A

Thiamin

101
Q

When does hypocalcemia usually occur in cattle

A

Post calving, calcium is drained into colostrum and milk

PTH is inactivated by alkaline pH and therefore fails to mobilize calcium from bone

102
Q

Example diet calculation: Pearson square

Balance 100kg diet so that it contains 16% CP using grain sorghum (9.5% CP) and soybean meal (49% CP)

A

Soybean meal: 16-9.5= 6.5
Sorghum 16-49%= 33

Total= 33+6.5= 39.5

103
Q

How much dry matter should a 1600lb cow consume with a desired intake of 3.5% BW

A

1600(0.035)=56lbs

104
Q

If you feed a cow 10lbs of 70% dry matter high moisture shelled corn, how many lbs dry matter is she consuming in corn

A

7lbs

105
Q

If you feed a cow 10lbs of 18% CP. knowing 90% dry matter, how many lbs of protein is she consuming. Then determine amount of protein on a dry matter basis

A
  1. 90% of 10lbs= 9lbs DM
  2. 9lbs (0.18)= 1.62lbs protein

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