Lecture 5: Introduction to herd Health Flashcards
What is herd health management
Practice in which methods are used to optimize health, welfare and production in a population
- treat sick animal with a big picture perspective
What are 2 preventative measures that can be taken to promote herd health
- Good nutrition
- Clean environment
What are two basic strategies to promote herd health
- Biosecurity
- Biocontainment
What is biosecurity
Exclude and prevent disease from entering
What is biocontainment
Control or eliminate disease that is already present
What is ideal biosecurity
Close herd
A closed herd does not have what 7 things
- No purchasing new livestock
- No co-mingling stock
- No wildlife exposure
- No neighbors with livestock
- No bad fences
- Don’t use commercial livestock haulers
- Don’t go to livestock fairs or shows
What can you tell by looking at this cows nose
Not feeling well, healthy cows keep noses clean
Case example: 5-7 month old heifers experiencing anorexia, depression, conjunctivitis, fever, nasal discharge, nasal plaques, dry cough, hyperemic noses. What is a common respiratory disease of cattle that is a potential differential here
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
How do you confirm infectious bovine rhinotracheitis dx
PCR on nasal swabs
What are the 5 big respiratory viruses in cattle
- Bovine herpes virus 1 (aka IBR)
- Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
- Parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3)
- Bovine coronavirus
- Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)
What are the 3 major factors that can contribute to the development of bovine respiratory disease complex
- Virus
- Stress
3 secondary bacterial infections
What are the 3 general categories of beef cattle production groups
- Cow/calf farms
- Backgrounding or stocker
- Finishing
What happens at backgrounding or stocker beef cattle farms
After calves are weaned they will continue to graze on pasture and may receive supplemental feed to help it grow and mature
What happens at finishing beef cattle productions
Cattle will feed on roughage and grain in order to meet nutritional requirements. Cattle may be finished on grass or grain. After 4-6 months when market weight is met they are ready for harvest
Describe the basic dairy production groups
- Birth—> 3 months kept in calving hutches
- Animal from 3–> 26 months, begin breeding them
- Milk production- first calving at 37 months
When do dairy cattle usually have their first calf
37 months
What is mastitis
Inflammation of mammary gland as a result of intramammary infection
What is cow related mastitis
Bacteria are found in the udder and sometimes on the cow itself
How would you manage cow related mastitis
- Make sure hands of milker are clean
- Use udder clothes
- Clean and functioning milk machine
- Teat disinfection
What is environment related mastitis
Bacteria grow and multiply in the environment of the cow
How do you manage environment related mastitis
- Good environmental hygiene
- Teat disinfection
What is subclinical mastitis
Cows are producing milk, looks normal but decrease production, so economic loss
What is clinical mastitis
Abnormal milk production
How do you diagnose subclinical mastitis
- California mastitis test
- Milk culture
Case example: milk culture came back with S. Aureus (contagious mastitis) what production areas can we look at to control the spread
- Hands of milker
- Are they using an udder cloth
- Functioning and clean milk machine
- Disinfect teat
Case example: flock exam of sheep who are quiet, fecal staining, low BCS, bottle jaw and FAMACHA score 4-5. What are some potential differentials
Parasites, specifically haemonchus contortus causing anemia
Who do we treat on FAMACHA card
Don’t usually treat scores 1-2, will treat 3-5 or euthanize
What type of parasite is haemonchus contortus
Strongyle
What can we do to the grass to control the spread of H. Contortus
Keep grass short, as L3 (infective stage) climb up onto the tips of grass and then are ingested by host
What are the core vaccines in cattle
- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
- Bovine viral diarrhea virus
- Parainfluenza virus
- Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
- Clostridial vaccines
What are the core vaccines for sheep and camelids
CD and T (C. perfringens type C and D and tetanus toxoid)
What is a noncore vaccine for sheep and camelids
Rabies
What are the common vaccines for production pigs
- Erysipelas
- Leptospirosis
- Parvovirus
- Colibacillosis
*varies from farm to farm
What are the core vaccines in potbellied pigs
Erysipelas and CD and T
What are magnets used for
Prevent hardware disease so we don’t rupture reticulum and through diaphragm to cause endocarditis
What tags are used in brucellosis vaccination
Orange tags
Is brucellosis vaccine modified live or killed
Modified live
Who receives brucellosis vaccine
Heifers between 4-12 months old
Why is it important to vaccinate cattle for brucellosis at young age between 4-12 months
It can cause abortion since it is a modified live vaccine
T or F: brucellosis vaccine is administered to males and females
False, not males will cause orchitis
Who is allowed to perform TB test
USDA accredited veterinarian
What is TB testing important for
Movement, milk quality assurance programs
How do you perform TB test
- Inject purified protein derivative tuberculin
- Using 1mL syringe and 25 g needle
- Administer 01.mL in caudal tail fold
What do you do if you get reaction to TB test (swelling)
Suspect animal, call state vet
What are some examples of reportable diseases in cattle
- Foot and mouth disease
- Tuberculosis
- Scarpie
- Mad cow
What are the 3 landmarks for SQ, IV and IM injections
- Jugular furrow
- Cranial aspect of scapula/shoulder
- Spinal column
Why do we do injections in the neck
Meat quality assurance, no valuable cut of meat in the neck
do not do any injections anywhere else in body
Where do you do IM and SQ injections in camelids and small ruminants
SQ: right in front of shoulder or axilla
IM: neck and tricep area
Where do you not want to put an injection in the hind end for small ruminants, camelids and pigs
Hamstrings, near sciatic nerve
