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HL10521 - Human Physiology > Lecture 9 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is VO2 max

A

The maximum rate in which oxygen can be consumed,
transported and utilised by the respiratory, cardiovascular and
muscular systems

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2
Q

What is external respiration

A

the process of
drawing oxygen into the
body and expelling
carbon dioxide back into
the environment

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3
Q

What are the components in the respiratory system

A

Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity + nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Diaphragm

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4
Q

What laws is the process of ventilation dependant on

A

Boyle’s law
Fick’s 1st law of diffusion

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5
Q

What is Boyle’s law

A

As volume increases, pressure decreases
As volume decreases, pressure increases

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6
Q

What is Fick’s 1st law of diffusion

A

Gas goes from area of
a high concentration to
regions of a low
concentration; at a
magnitude that is
proportional to the
concentration gradient

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7
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm and external
intercostals

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8
Q

What are the expiratory muscles at rest

A

None - it is a passive process

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9
Q

What are the expiratory muscles during high demand (exercise, altitude, illness)

A

transversus abdominis,
internal and external obliques, rectus abdominis, internal intercostals and the triangularis sterni

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10
Q

What is the volume during inspiration and expiration

A

~3000 mL ins
~2000 mL exp

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11
Q

How will ambient air be drawn into the lungs

A

Ventilation
(oxygen will be drawn into the respiratory zone of the lungs by conc gradients)

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12
Q

What is the difference in mmHg between ambient air and alveolar pO2 and why

A

55-60
Humidification of gases in the lungs
CO2 mixing in alveolar air

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13
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do

A

the only
artery to carry deoxygenated
blood

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14
Q

What do pulmonary veins do

A

Conversely,
these veins carry oxygenated
blood

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15
Q

What do pulmonary capillaries do

A

Contain both oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

What is perfusion

A

the transport of molecules to target tissues

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17
Q

How are capillaries in the lungs adapted to their function

A

One endothelial layer thick (0.0006 mm)

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18
Q

What is partial pressure

A

In a mixture of gases, the partial pressure is
pressure exerted by each individual gas

19
Q

What is Henry’s law

A

The concentration of dissolved
gas equals the partial pressure
of the gas multiplied by its
solubility

20
Q

What are the trends for the partial pressure of gas

A

Nitrogen > O2 > CO
mmHg
PN2 597.4
PO2 158.8
PCO2 0.3
Pother 3.5
Total 760.0 mmHg
Barometric Pressure
[at sea level]

21
Q

What is the solubilities of gases in the air

A

O2 > CO2 > Nitrogen

22
Q

What is a spirometer used for

A

Lung function

23
Q

What are the steps for spirometry

A

1) Ask the patient to take
3-5 normal breaths;
2) After this, they rapidly
inhale as quickly and
deeply as possible;
3) As soon as they reach
peak inspiration, they
blow out for as hard
and long as possible
(or, for at least 6-
seconds)

24
Q

What is Tidal Volume (Vt)

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the
lungs with each respiratory cycle

25
Q

What are normal values for Vt

A

Males: ~500 mL
Females: ~400 mL

26
Q

What are normal values for breathing frequency (f)

A

12-20 breathes/min

27
Q

How is ventilation (Ve) calculated

A

Vt x f
(mL/min or L/min)

28
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

the amount of air that can be
inhaled, above that of the normal VT

29
Q

What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

the amount of air that can be
expired, below that of the normal VT.

30
Q

What is the residual volume

A

the volume of air that remains in the lungs
after a forced, maximal exhalation

31
Q

Why is there a residual volume of air present in the lungs

A

A RV means that
there is always enough air
in the lungs, for alveoli to
participate in gas
exchange. A healthy person
cannot empty their lungs
during a maximal
ventilation

32
Q

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

maximal
volume of air that can be inspired
following a normal passive expiration

33
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume of air in the lungs following a
normal passive expiration

34
Q

What is the Forced Vital capacity (FVC)

A

the
total volume of air that can be
expired following a maximal
inspiration

35
Q

What is the total lung capacity (TLC)

A

the total
volume of air in the lungs following a
maximal inhalation

36
Q

What is a capacity

A

the maximal volumes of air in the lung parenchyma
(functional tissue) during a specific point in the respiratory cycle

37
Q

What is forced expiratory volume over 1-second (FEV1)

A

the
amount of air that can be
expired within the 1st second
of a maximally forced
expiration, following a
maximal inhalation

38
Q

At rest, what is ventilation controlled by

A

The brainstem (pons and Medulla
Oblongata)
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center

39
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

detect changes in O2 or
CO2, which feeds back to the back to the
respiratory centers in the brain

40
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do (carotid and aortic)

A

Emergency detection for low O2;
Carotid receptors provide rapid response;
pH / CO2 detection system

41
Q

What do central chemoreceptors do (extracellular portion of the brain)

A

Slower response but more of a “steady state” control

42
Q

What happens to tidal volume, breathing frequency and minute ventilation during exercise

A

Tv - increase ~225%
f - increase ~237%
Ve - Increase ~653%

43
Q

Why does altitude cause ventilation limitation

A

Altitude results in a reduced ambient, alveolar
and arterial partial pressure of O2, which results
in ↓ bioavailability for cells

Hypoxic environment lead to vasoconstriction
within the lung’s microvasculature results in ↑
alveolar fluid content (leaking from blood)

HL10521 - Human Physiology (10 decks)

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