Lecture 16 - Exercise, health and genetics Flashcards
What is RER
Respiratory exchange ratio
What is De novo Lipogenesis
endogenous pathway that
converts excess dietary starch, sugar, protein, and
alcohol into specific fatty acids
What is ketosis
Depletion of glycogen from muscle stores, fat broken down to form carbs
EPQ information
What is a result of long-term inactivity
significantly increases blood
sugar levels even if you reduce your food intake to
avoid gaining weight
➢Average blood sugar levels among participants
increased by around 6% in the day, and by 10% at
night. Their ability to dispose of blood sugar – i.e.,
to take up blood sugar into muscles – also
decreased by nearly a quarter (24%)
Toulouse experiment
How does capillary density change with exercise
Increases 2-3x more per muscle fibre
Slide 25
What is CES
Continuous electrical stimulation
How are mitochondria essential for skeletal muscle fat oxidation
Triglyceride is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol,
enters blood stream
Fatty acids enter mitochondria in muscle and is broken down
intramuscular triglyceride mitochondria position
Slide 28
Ketone monoester ingestion slide 33
What are epigenetics
Activation/deactivation of proteins
What is sickle cell anaemia
Inherited blood disorder
➢ Abnormality in the structure of haemoglobin
➢ Leads to pain, anemia, swelling,…
➢ 2 abnormal copies of the B-globin gene (HBB)
➢ Sickle cell disease vs sickle cell trait
➢ SNP, GAG codon changes to GTG
➢ Glutamate is substituted for Valine
➢ Change in the structure of the protein
How does sickle cell anaemia protect against malaria
The sickle cells have membranes, stretched by their unusual shape,
that become porous and leak nutrients that the parasites need to
survive and the faulty cells eventually get eliminated quite fast,
destroying the parasite along the way.
What is a heritage study
there is a hereditary factor
which plays a major role in the individual response to exercise training ~50%
What is a polygenic profile
Trainability is never the product of a single gene but of a combination of
genes and gene variants which, when optimal, will allow the development of a
high-performer phenotype = POLYGENIC PROFILE
What is the speed gene
ACTN2 & ACTN3 (human
sarcomeric alpha-actinins) are
major structural components of
the Z line in skeletal muscle
* ACTN2 is expressed in all muscle
fibres
* ACTN3 is restricted to the type 2
(fast glycolytic) fibres that are
responsible for the forceful
contraction at high velocity
What is gene doping defined as
the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic
elements, and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance
