Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HL10521 - Human Physiology > Lecture 7 - Immune system > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood comprised of

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Platelets (thrombocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does plasma do

A

Plasma carries blood cells, proteins, nutrients, metabolic products and waste, and other
molecules being transported around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Haematocrit

A

The percentage of blood volume
that is erythrocytes
Men - 45%
Women 42%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Bulk flow

A

Rapid flow of blood throughout the
body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some features of RBCs

A

Biconcave
Flexible membrane
Large SA
No mitochondira
No DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are RBCs produced

A

Bone Marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Reticulocytes

A

Young erythrocytes in bone marrow contain a few
ribosomes which produce a web-like appearance
(reticular) when stained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the breakdown product of haemoglobin

A

Bilirubin - Yellow colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is there a decrease in ability of the blood to carry oxygen in Anemia

A

1) a decrease in the total number of RBCs
2) Low haemoglobin per RBC
3) a combination of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are RBCs replaced

A

erythropoietin (a hormone from the
kidneys) to stimulate erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What s Haemostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the response to a severed blood vessel

A

Constriction - Slows blood flow to the area
Presses Endothelial surfaces together inducing a “stickiness”“gluing” them together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is platelet activation

A

Platelets release ADP and serotonin that induce changes
in metabolism, shape and surface protein expression on platelets (as well as releasing actin and myosin to allow contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does EDTA do

A

A chemical
compound
that prevents
clotting by
“mopping up”
calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does heparin do

A

prevents clotting by
activating a plasma
protein called
antithrombin III (found in endothelial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the clinical testing significance for EDTA (Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid)

A

Use these tubes for
measuring biomarkers
in plasma (e.g., the
levels of inflammatory
cytokines, counting
cells SYSMEX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the significance of Heparin in Clinical testing

A

Use these tubes
assessing cell function
(i.e., can an immune cell
produce inflammatory
cytokines or kill virus
infected cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Slides 9-12

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an example of immunity

A

Blood donation/transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 2 incompatibilities in blood donation/transfusion

A

he recipient’s anti-B antibodies cause the transfused cells to be attacked;

the anti-A antibodies in the transfused plasma cause the recipient’s cells to be attacked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the most abundant class of plasma antibodies

A

IgG

22
Q

What do IgMs do

A

Class of antibodies that is produced first in all immune responses - providing bulk of specific humeral immunity against bacteria and viruses

23
Q

What are Igs and what are the 5 major classes

A

Immunoglobulin (Igs) are proteins that function as B-Cell receptors and antibodies

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

24
Q

What are Type 1 interferons

A

Group of cytokines that nonspecifically inhibit viral replication

25
Q

What are Type 2 interferons

A

(Interferon-gamma) stimulate the killing ability of NK cells and macrophages

26
Q

What does IL-1 do (interleukin 1)

A

Cytokine secreted by activated helper T cells that activates helper `T cells, exerts many inflammatory effects and mediates many of the systems acute phase responses, including fever

27
Q

What does IL-2 do

A

Cytokine secreted by activated T helper cells that causes helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells to proliferate and causes activation of macrophages

28
Q

What does IL-6 do

A

Cytokine secreted by macrophages that exerts multiple effects on immune system cells, inflammation, fever, and acute phase response

29
Q

What do Kinins do

A

Peptides that split from kininogens in inflamed areas and facilitate the vascular changes associated with inflammation; they also activate neuronal pain receptors

30
Q

What is a MAC

A

Membrane Attack Complex - group of complement proteins that form channels in the surface of a microbe, making it leaky and killing it

31
Q

What are natural antibodies

A

Antibodies to the erythrocyte antigens (A or B type)

32
Q

What are opsonins

A

general name given to any chemical mediator that promotes phagocytosis

33
Q

What is Perforin

A

Protein secreted by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that form channels in the plasma membrane of the target cell, making it leaky and killing it, (similar to a MAC)

34
Q

What is Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)

A

Cytokine secreted by macrophages that has the same actions as IL-1

35
Q

What are activated macrophages

A

Macrophages whose killing ability has been enhanced by cytokines, particularly IL-2 and interferon-gamma

36
Q

What is an APC

A

Cell that presents antigen, completed with MHC proteins on its surface to T cells

37
Q

What are B-cells

A

Lymphocytes that, upon activation, proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells; provide major defence against bacteria, virus-infected cells and cancer cells; and bind antigen associated with class 1 MHC proteins

38
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do

A

The class of T lymphocytes that, upon activation by specific antigen, directly attack the cells bearing that type of antigen; are major killer of virus-infected cells and cancer cells; and bind antigen associated with class 1 MHC proteins

39
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Cells that carry out phagocytosis and serve as APC

40
Q

What is Eosinophils

A

Leukocytes involved in destruction of parasites and in immediate hypersensitivity

41
Q

What are Helper T cells

A

The class of T cells that, via secreted cytokines, play a stimulatory role in the activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells; also can activate NK cells and macrophages, and bind antigen associated with class II MHC proteins

42
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

The type of leukocyte responsible for adaptive immune response - B cells, cells NK cells

43
Q

What are macrophages

A

Cell type that
1- functions as a phagocyte
2- processes and presents antigen to helper T cells
3 - secretes cytokines involved in inflammation, activation of lymphocytes and the systemic acute phase response to infection or injury

44
Q

What are mast cells

A

Tissue cells that bind IgE and release inflammatory mediators in response to parasites and immediate hypersensitivity reactions

45
Q

What do memory cells do

A

B cells and cytotoxic T cells that differentiate during an initial immune response and respond rapidly during a subsequent exposure to the same antigen

46
Q

What are monocytes

A

A type of Leukocytes; leaves the bloodstream as a macrophage

47
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Class of lymphocytes that bind to cell smearing foreign antigens without specific recognition and kill them directly; major targets are virus-infected cells and cancer cells; participate in antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

48
Q

What do neutrophils do

A

Leukocytes that function as phagocytes and also release chemicals involved in inflammation

49
Q

What do Plasma cells do

A

Cells that differentiate from activated B lymphocytes and secrete antibodies

50
Q

What are T cells

A

Lymphocytes derived from precursors that differentiated in the thymus

HL10521 - Human Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions