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HL10521 - Human Physiology > Lecture 7 - Immune system > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood comprised of

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Platelets (thrombocytes)

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2
Q

What does plasma do

A

Plasma carries blood cells, proteins, nutrients, metabolic products and waste, and other
molecules being transported around the body.

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3
Q

What is Haematocrit

A

The percentage of blood volume
that is erythrocytes
Men - 45%
Women 42%

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4
Q

What is Bulk flow

A

Rapid flow of blood throughout the
body

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5
Q

What are some features of RBCs

A

Biconcave
Flexible membrane
Large SA
No mitochondira
No DNA

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6
Q

Where are RBCs produced

A

Bone Marrow

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7
Q

What are Reticulocytes

A

Young erythrocytes in bone marrow contain a few
ribosomes which produce a web-like appearance
(reticular) when stained

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8
Q

What is the breakdown product of haemoglobin

A

Bilirubin - Yellow colour

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9
Q

Why is there a decrease in ability of the blood to carry oxygen in Anemia

A

1) a decrease in the total number of RBCs
2) Low haemoglobin per RBC
3) a combination of both

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10
Q

How are RBCs replaced

A

erythropoietin (a hormone from the
kidneys) to stimulate erythropoiesis

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11
Q

What s Haemostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding

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12
Q

What is the response to a severed blood vessel

A

Constriction - Slows blood flow to the area
Presses Endothelial surfaces together inducing a “stickiness”“gluing” them together

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13
Q

What is platelet activation

A

Platelets release ADP and serotonin that induce changes
in metabolism, shape and surface protein expression on platelets (as well as releasing actin and myosin to allow contraction)

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14
Q

What does EDTA do

A

A chemical
compound
that prevents
clotting by
“mopping up”
calcium

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15
Q

What does heparin do

A

prevents clotting by
activating a plasma
protein called
antithrombin III (found in endothelial cells)

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16
Q

What is the clinical testing significance for EDTA (Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid)

A

Use these tubes for
measuring biomarkers
in plasma (e.g., the
levels of inflammatory
cytokines, counting
cells SYSMEX)

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17
Q

What is the significance of Heparin in Clinical testing

A

Use these tubes
assessing cell function
(i.e., can an immune cell
produce inflammatory
cytokines or kill virus
infected cells).

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18
Q

Slides 9-12

A
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19
Q

What is an example of immunity

A

Blood donation/transfusion

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20
Q

What are 2 incompatibilities in blood donation/transfusion

A

he recipient’s anti-B antibodies cause the transfused cells to be attacked;

the anti-A antibodies in the transfused plasma cause the recipient’s cells to be attacked

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21
Q

What is the most abundant class of plasma antibodies

A

IgG

22
Q

What do IgMs do

A

Class of antibodies that is produced first in all immune responses - providing bulk of specific humeral immunity against bacteria and viruses

23
Q

What are Igs and what are the 5 major classes

A

Immunoglobulin (Igs) are proteins that function as B-Cell receptors and antibodies

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

24
Q

What are Type 1 interferons

A

Group of cytokines that nonspecifically inhibit viral replication

25
Q

What are Type 2 interferons

A

(Interferon-gamma) stimulate the killing ability of NK cells and macrophages

26
Q

What does IL-1 do (interleukin 1)

A

Cytokine secreted by activated helper T cells that activates helper `T cells, exerts many inflammatory effects and mediates many of the systems acute phase responses, including fever

27
Q

What does IL-2 do

A

Cytokine secreted by activated T helper cells that causes helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells to proliferate and causes activation of macrophages

28
Q

What does IL-6 do

A

Cytokine secreted by macrophages that exerts multiple effects on immune system cells, inflammation, fever, and acute phase response

29
Q

What do Kinins do

A

Peptides that split from kininogens in inflamed areas and facilitate the vascular changes associated with inflammation; they also activate neuronal pain receptors

30
Q

What is a MAC

A

Membrane Attack Complex - group of complement proteins that form channels in the surface of a microbe, making it leaky and killing it

31
Q

What are natural antibodies

A

Antibodies to the erythrocyte antigens (A or B type)

32
Q

What are opsonins

A

general name given to any chemical mediator that promotes phagocytosis

33
Q

What is Perforin

A

Protein secreted by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that form channels in the plasma membrane of the target cell, making it leaky and killing it, (similar to a MAC)

34
Q

What is Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)

A

Cytokine secreted by macrophages that has the same actions as IL-1

35
Q

What are activated macrophages

A

Macrophages whose killing ability has been enhanced by cytokines, particularly IL-2 and interferon-gamma

36
Q

What is an APC

A

Cell that presents antigen, completed with MHC proteins on its surface to T cells

37
Q

What are B-cells

A

Lymphocytes that, upon activation, proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells; provide major defence against bacteria, virus-infected cells and cancer cells; and bind antigen associated with class 1 MHC proteins

38
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do

A

The class of T lymphocytes that, upon activation by specific antigen, directly attack the cells bearing that type of antigen; are major killer of virus-infected cells and cancer cells; and bind antigen associated with class 1 MHC proteins

39
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Cells that carry out phagocytosis and serve as APC

40
Q

What is Eosinophils

A

Leukocytes involved in destruction of parasites and in immediate hypersensitivity

41
Q

What are Helper T cells

A

The class of T cells that, via secreted cytokines, play a stimulatory role in the activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells; also can activate NK cells and macrophages, and bind antigen associated with class II MHC proteins

42
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

The type of leukocyte responsible for adaptive immune response - B cells, cells NK cells

43
Q

What are macrophages

A

Cell type that
1- functions as a phagocyte
2- processes and presents antigen to helper T cells
3 - secretes cytokines involved in inflammation, activation of lymphocytes and the systemic acute phase response to infection or injury

44
Q

What are mast cells

A

Tissue cells that bind IgE and release inflammatory mediators in response to parasites and immediate hypersensitivity reactions

45
Q

What do memory cells do

A

B cells and cytotoxic T cells that differentiate during an initial immune response and respond rapidly during a subsequent exposure to the same antigen

46
Q

What are monocytes

A

A type of Leukocytes; leaves the bloodstream as a macrophage

47
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Class of lymphocytes that bind to cell smearing foreign antigens without specific recognition and kill them directly; major targets are virus-infected cells and cancer cells; participate in antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

48
Q

What do neutrophils do

A

Leukocytes that function as phagocytes and also release chemicals involved in inflammation

49
Q

What do Plasma cells do

A

Cells that differentiate from activated B lymphocytes and secrete antibodies

50
Q

What are T cells

A

Lymphocytes derived from precursors that differentiated in the thymus

HL10521 - Human Physiology (10 decks)

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