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Year 1: 09. CPR Exam 2 > Lecture 9: Renal Histology > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Renal Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

Tuft of capillaries

  • afferent arteriole feeds into it
  • efferent arteriole drains it
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2
Q

What are the two type of peritubular capillaries?

A 
Cortical: surrounds proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Long medullary (vasa recta): surrounds loop of Henle
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3
Q

What type of endothelium is found in the cortical peritubular capillary?

A

Fenestrated endothelium

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4
Q

What type of endothelium is found in the long medullary peritubular capillary?

A

Ascending: Fenestrated
Descending: Continuous

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5
Q

What is a renal corpuscle?

A

Blood filtering component of nephron

  • Glomerulus (capillaries)
  • Bowman’s capsule
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6
Q

What is the composition of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Visceral: layer of podocytes that cover capillaries
Glomerular space: primary filtrate
Parietal layer: simple squamous EPIthelium

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7
Q

Is the vascular pole of renal corpuscles endothelium or epithelium?

A

Endothelium

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8
Q

Is the urinary pole of renal corpuscles endothelium or epithelium?

A

Epithelium (origin of proximal convoluted tubule)

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9
Q

Describe mesangial cells.

A
  • Provide structural support for capillaries/glomerulus and ECM of podocytes
  • Prevent glomerular distension due to high glomerular BP
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Secrete growth factors and cytokines in response to injury
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10
Q

Describe the glomerular endothelium.

A
  • Open fenestrations
  • Thick luminal glycocalyx
  • Large number of aquaporins
  • Can promote vasodilation by generation NO and prostaglandins
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11
Q

What does the glomerular basement membrane do?

A

Barrier against large particles (e.g. RBC) and prevents proteins from crossing (anti-anionic)

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12
Q

What are podocytes?

A
  • Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

- Make filtration like slits

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13
Q

What layers do filtrates have to cross to reach Bowman’s capsule from the capillaries?

A

1) Capillary endothelium
2) Basement membrane
3) Podocytes

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14
Q

What particles do the filtration membrane allow?

A 
Water
Ions
Glucose
Amino Acids
Urea

*no blood or protein

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15
Q

What type of cells make up the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Describe the histology of proximal convoluted tubule.

A
  • Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
  • Basal and lateral cell membranes are highly folded
  • Many microvilli (brush border)
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17
Q

Describe the histology of the thin limb of the Loop of Henle.

A
  • Permeable simple squamous epithelial wall

- No brush border

18
Q

Describe the histology of the thick limb of the Loop of Henle.

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium

- Many microvilli but no brush border

19
Q

Describe the histology of distal convoluted tubule.

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Sparse microvilli
  • Smooth luminal surface
20
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole

21
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus
-secretes renin if low BP

22
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Tight nuclei at distal end of thick loop of Henle near vascular pole
-monitors sodium levels and signals release of renin if low sodium levels

23
Q

What type of cells are found in collecting tubules and ducts?

A

Principal cells: aldosterone target

Intercalated cells: involved in hydrogen and bicarbonate transport

24
Q

Describe the histology of collecting ducts.

A

Simple cuboidal and simple columnar

25
Q

What does the renal cortex contain?

A

Renal corpuscles
Convoluted and straight tubules of nephron
Portions of collecting ducts

26
Q

What does the renal medulla contain?

A

Renal columns and pyramids
Collecting tubules
Loops of Henle

27
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the urinary tract?

A

Transitional Epithelium

28
Q

What makes up the transitional epithelium?

A

1) Deep: single layer of basal cells on basement membrane
2) Intermediate: layers of cuboidal/columnar
3) Superficial: Umbrella cells (stretch/relax)

29
Q

What are umbrella cells?

A

Contain urothelial plaques (from uroplakin proteins)

  • Distended bladder: plaques move to surface of plasma membrane to form impermeable barrier to urine
  • Empty bladder: Plaques endocytosed into fusiform vesicles until its needed again
30
Q

Describe histology of ureters.

A

Superficial: adventitia
Middle: muscularis - three layers
Innermost: transitional epithelium

31
Q

What muscle controls urinary bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

32
Q

Where is bladder located?

A

Anterior to uterus and rectum

-sits within pelvis

33
Q

Describe urinary trigone.

A

Smooth triangular region formed by the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice

34
Q

Describe histology of urinary bladder wall.

A

Urothelium
Smooth muscle (detrusor)
Fibrous adventitia

35
Q

Why are women at a higher risk for UTI?

A

Shorter length of urethra so easier for bacteria to infect

36
Q

How does endothelium change from through the urethra?

A

Near bladder: transitional
Majority of urethra: Pseudostratified column
Distal end: stratified squamous epithelium

37
Q

Which part of the urethral sphincter is under voluntary control?

A

External urethral sphincter

38
Q

What are the three regions of the male urethra?

A

1) Prostatic urethra
2) Membranous urethra
3) Spongy/penile urethra

39
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

Cysts form the crush tissue and impede drainage

  • leads to kidney failure and blood pressure fluctuation
  • autosomal dominant
40
Q

What is most common cause of UTI?

A

E. coli

41
Q

What is schistosoma haematobium?

A

Parasitic blood flukes that can cause GU disease

-fibrosis and calcification of bladder

Year 1: 09. CPR Exam 2 (24 decks)

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