Lecture 8: Respiratory Control Flashcards
What are the four respiratory centers?
Dorsal Respiratory Group
Ventral Respiratory Group
Pontine Respiratory Group
Botzinger Complex
Which is more medial - dorsal or ventral respiratory group?
Dorsal Respiratory Group
Which respiratory centers control determine timing of breathing? (how often we breath)
What are their specific roles?
Pontine Respiratory Group: controls length of inspiration
Pre-Botzinger Complex: generates timing
What can happen if the pontine respiratory group is lesioned?
No expiration, prolonged inhalation
Which respiratory centers control determine depth of breathing? (how much we breath)
Dorsal Respiratory Group
Ventral Respiratory Group
What does the dorsal respiratory group do?
Receives sensory information and helps activate phrenic nerve
What does the rostral/cephalad portion of the ventral respiratory group do?
Fire during inspiration
- activate inspiratory muscles
- premotor to phrenic nerve
What does the caudal portion of the ventral respiratory group do?
Premotor to upper airway
-active expiratory muscles
What is apneusis?
Failure to turn inspiration off due to damage in PRG
- holding breath in
- lead increase in CO2 and decrease oxygen
What is apnea?
Absence of respiratory effort (no inspiration)
- medullary or spinal damage
- lead increase in CO2 and decrease oxygen
During hypoxia or hypercapnia, what do chemoreceptors do?
Activate respiratory system and increase respiration
What are the two sets of chemoreceptors and where are they located?
Central: Brain - ventral surface of medulla
Peripheral: aorta and carotid (main)
What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to?
decreased pH in CSF (increased in H+)
- hydrogen comes from CO2 and water that crosses blood brain barrier
- converted via carbonic anhydrase
- results in deeper and increased breaths
In peripheral chemoreceptors, what neurotransmitter plays a huge role?
Dopamine
What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to?
Different cells for:
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- hydrogen
Which type of chemoreceptors can increase respiratory rate faster?
Peripheral
Where are slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located?
Airways
What are slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors sensitive to?
Stretch of airways
-proportional to lung volume
What do slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors do?
Inhibit inspiration and prolong expiration
Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors are important for controlling respiration in what population groups?
Infants and exercising adults
Where are rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located?
Airways
What are rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors sensitive to?
Irritation
Foreign bodies in airway
Stretch
What do rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors do?
Cough
Where are juxtacapillary receptors located?
Near blood vessels of alveoli
What are juxtacapillary receptors sensitive to?
Pulmonary edema
What do juxtacapillary receptors do?
Dry Cough
Tachypnea (fast breathing)
Mechanoreceptors send their fibers to what nerve?
Vagus nerve
