Lecture 9 - Nutrients for Energy Metabolism Flashcards
What is the fundamental difference in Vitamins vs minterals?
Vitamins are organic minerals are not
-botht are individual units
What is the function of both vitamins and minerals?
Assits enzymes to release energy
-both do not yield energy
Both vitamins and minerals can be broken down, true or flase?
False, vitamins can be broken down but minerals can not
How are vitamins and minerals measured?
Vitamins: micrograms or mg
Minerals: micrograms or g
What is bioavailability?
Includes the amount of vitamins/minerals in food and the amount absorbed and used by the body
What are the factors that affect bioavailability?
- Efficiency of digestion/ time of transit
- Nutrient status (deficient or missing one)
- Food prep method
- Source of the nutrient
- Other foods present like binders and fibre
What are the water soluble vitamins?
Basically all the B vitamins
- Thiamine
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Pantothenic acid
- B6
- Folate
- B12
and Vitamin C
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
Name the following for Thiamin:
Names
The short form of co enzyme
Function toxicity and
Deficiency
B1
TPP
Helps with energy release, Helps TCA cycle work
Not common, seen in people who don’t consume enough food and alcoholics
Beriberi
-can have either wet or dry symptoms but normally seen together
Broccoli, milk, veggie burger, pork chops, pita and cereal
Name the following for Riboflavin:
Names
The short form of co enzyme
Function toxicity and
Deficiency
B2
FMN, FAD
Important in the TCA cycle
Not very common: Ariboflavinosis
No UL
Beef liver, Milk, ogurt, soy beverages, oysters
Name the following for Niacin:
Names
The short form of co enzyme
Function toxicity and
Deficiency
B3
NAD, NADP
Central in energy transfer rxns, Carries H into the TCA cycle, protects against neurological degredation
Pellagra
Very rare: rare from food, niacin flush painful tingling sensation
Beef liver, mushrooms, chicken brest and ground beef
Name the following for Pantothenic Acid:
Names
The short form of co enzyme
Function toxicity and
Deficiency
Part of the CoA
Rare
No UL
Many food sources
Name the following for Biotin:
Names
The short form of co enzyme
Function toxicity and
Deficiency
Carries activated CO2 in TCA cycle
Rare
No UL
Many food sources
Name the following for B6:
Names
The short form of co enzyme
Function toxicity and
Deficiency
Pyridoxal, Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine
PLP
Transfers amino group to keto acid. Helps with the development of serotonin
Rare
Rare
Blueberries and Meat
Name the following for Folate:
Names
The short form of co enzyme
Function toxicity and
Deficiency
Folacin, Folic Acid
THF
Converts b12 to its coenzyme, Synthesis of DNA, Regenerates methionine from homocysteine
Neural tube defects (spinal cord)
Anemia, GI deterioration due to inadequate intake, and then impaired absorption
Lentils, asparagus, broccoli
Name the following for B12:
Names
The short form of co enzyme
Function toxicity and
Deficiency
Cobalamin
Regeneration of methionine, Synthesis of DNA and RNA, maintain nerve sheaths, bone cell activity and metabolism
Reflects poor absorption not intake
No UL
Almost exclusively meat products. Bioavailability high in milk and fish
How are we most likely to see Vitamin B deficiencies presented as?
More than one B deficiency together
- single B deficiencies are rare
- Skin and tongue sensitive to B deficiencies
Overall, how do Vitamin B complex toxicities occur?
- Unknown from food
- Supplement overuse
- Cells must rid itself of excess via urine
What is the different in major vs trace minerals?
Differentiate in the amount we need and the amount present in the body
What is sulphurs purpose in the body?
Oxidized form is sulphate -in food and beverages AA's methionine and cysteine found in dietary proteins -S stabilizes protein structure -S content high in hair skin and nails -No recommendations on amount
What is Iodines purpose in the body?
Iodide is the form in the body Found in seafood, salt Needed in small amounts Appart of thyroid hormones -regulate body temp and metabolism Controls the rate at which cells use O2
What does having a deficiency in iodine result in?
decrease (not common) in iodine reduces thyroid hormones and increases TSH produced and leads to increased uptake of iodide resulting in gliders
-solved this problem by added iodine to table salt
What does iodine toxicity look like?
Enlargement of thyroid gland
Goider development in fetus
UL set
What is Manganese purpose in the body?
In bones and metabolically active tissues (liver)
Cofactor to many enzymes
-part of an enzyme in bone formation
Requirements are low
deficiencies rarer
Toxicity from environmental contaminants (water)
Grain products are a major source
What is Chromiums purpose in the body?
maintains glucose homeostasis and enhances insulins actions
Has different charges and is most stable in foods
Found in unrefined foods like whole grains
Who benefits the most from Vitamin and mineral supplements?
Women of child bearing age
-Folic Acid
50+
-vit D
People with known deficiencies
-Iron, B12
Following fad diets ike low carb
Why is using supplements not the best idea?
It does not make thins better for you beyond your normal metabolic activity
-just brings levels up to normal and lets your body do the rest
What is the way in which B12 is absorbed?
- B12 bound to proteins in food
- HCl in stomach denatures the proteins exposing the vitamin
- Pepsin in the stomach breaks down the protein.
- B12 is released
- Intrinsic factor is make in the stomach
- In the SI the intrinsic fact binds to B12 and carries the B12 to the terminal ileum where it is absorbed into the blood
