Lecture 16 - Life Cycle Nutrition Flashcards
Is it true that baby takes everything from mom during pregnancy?
No, first mom gets nutrients then placenta then baby.
-Baby only takes up Fe towards the end
What should you do to prepare for pregnancy?
- Achieve and maintain healthy body weight
- physically active
- Blanaced diet
In which trimester are abortions common?
T1 and T2 because mom might not even know she is pregnant at this time
What are critical periods?
Times of intense development and rapid cell division that only happen at certain times
Why is there folate supplementation in food?
Because at this time women don’t really know if they are pregnant so in order to project them just in case
What is the critical period for neural tube development?
17-30 days of gestation
What happens when moms have periods of undernutrition?
Periods of undernutrition during key or regular parts of development could result in the underdevelopment of an organ which may lead to chronic disease for the baby
What is the most reliable measure of infant health?
Birthweight
Does weigh prior to conception affect baby?
yes can influence fetal growth
- undeerweight: increase preterm birth and infant death
- Overweight: medical complications and risk for infant
What happens if mom ingests a lot of glucose?
Glucose is transferred to the baby and then it can have a higher chance of developing diabetes at a younger age
How much weight gain is recommended?
Based on prepregnancy BMI
Normal weight- 25-35lbs
Underweight- 28-40lbs
Overweight- 15-25lbs
When are you not supposed to gain weight?
First trimester, but nutrient needs are very high
How many extra cals/day are women supposed to consumed based on their trimester?
1-0kcals
2-340kcals
3-450kclas
How many carbs are you supposed to intake?
135g/day
-want baby to grow on glucose and not ketone bodies
What is the protein requirement?
+25g/day
What is the fat requirement ?
no set limit but essential fatty acids are required DHA & EPA
What is morning sickness caused by and when does it happen??
Usually all day for 20 weeks, and caused by hormonal changes
What side effects of pregnancy occur due to baby crowding organs?
- Constipation and haemorrhoids
- Heartburn
- Food cravings
What is Pica?
When you eat non food items, usually hormone related and associated with iron deficiency anemia
What contributes to hale of children deaths world wide?
Malnutition coupled with LBW
How might Malnutrition impact fertility?
Reduce production of viable sperm
Amenorrheea
How might malnutrition impact early stages of pregnancy?
affects healthy placenta development
How might malnutrition impact fetal development?
- fetal growth retardation
- congenital malformations
- spontaneous abortions and stillbirth
- Preterm
What is gestational diabetes?
Develops in second half and leads to complications during labour and high infant birthweight
-can result in birth defects
What is the problem with having a baby when you are an adolescent?
Young moms are not fully developed and produce a lot of stress on the body
What is the problem with having a baby when you are older?
Complications often reflect a chronic condition
Risk to fetus
What heavy metals are especially bad for pregnancy?
Lead and Mercury
What bacterial illness are pregnant women most susceptible too?
20x more likely to get Listeria, found in soft cheese, unpasteurized products and frozen food.
-because of increased stress and reduced immune system they are more susceptible and risk to baby is serious
Why is caffeine bad for pregnancy?
- Crosses placenta
- Baby has limits to how much it can metabolize
- limit of 300mg/day ~2 cups
Why is alcohol bad for pregnancy?
Intoxication diffuses right into the embryo and effects cell development and can also cross the placenta
-irreversible effects
What other toxic substances can cross to the baby?
Smoking and tobacco: restricts blood supply and O2
Cannabis: lower birthweight, longer term developmental effects
When should you return to your pre baby weight?
Within the year of having a baby
-shouldnt put a lot of emphasis on the 1st couple weeks
Does everyone return to their probably weight?
No, with every abby you retain extra kgs
Can you lose weight if you breast feed?
No, doesn’t automatically mean weightloss
Does milk quality change?
No, you are pulling from moms nutrient stores which is the only time the baby is like leaching off of you
What is the difference between lactation and breastfeeding?
Lactation: an automatic physiological process and releases hormones
Breastfeeding: A learned behaviour from both mom and baby
What excretes milk?
Mammary glands
-hormones promote the growth and branching of the duct system and development of milk producing cells
How are hormones released during breastfeeding?
Demand for milk
What does breastfeeding release?
Oxytocin: ejection of milk (let down reflex)
How many moms stop breastfeeding within half a year?
1/2 of moms
How much energy does it take to produce 750ml of milk?
+500kcals
- 1st 6 months +330kcal from food and rest from fat
- 2nd 6 months +400kclas
How much protein and fat should mom get after baby?
About the same as prebaby
What is mom requirement for carbs and fibre after baby?
Intake should increase from pregnancy amount
What do nutritional inadequacies do to milk?
Affect the quantity of milk, not quality because that never changes
Can cannabis, caffiene and smoking transfer into breastmilk?
Yes they all can
-willl have stronger effect on the baby cause organs are not fully developed to handle these things yet
What does first years growth reflect?
Growth directly reflects nutrient intake
what is used for growth assessment?
Hight and weight and compared to a standard growth curve
At 5 months what should the weight be?
Doubled
At one year what should the weight be?
Triples by 1 year
what is the energy requirement for an infant?
2x that of an adult
-100kcal/kg
What is the breakdown of breastmilk?
~50% Fat
~44% Carb
~6% Protein
Why is breastmilk mostly fat?
A lot more energy in fat than carbs, and to reduce stress on their kidneys because they are not fully developed
When are allergenic foods introduced to baby?
anywhere between 4-11months
What is in breastmilk that is not in formula?
- Immunological protection
- Colostrum
- Bifidus: Healthy bacteria
- Lactoferrin: helps absorb Fe
- Lactadherin: virus protection
What is colostrum?
Yellow serum is the first milk a baby gets filled with antibodies and immune factors
When is it appropriate to introduce cows milk?
Around 9 months because cows milk has a lot of protein in it which puts stress on kidneys
What is a food allergy?
Stimulates and immunological response and involves antibodies
-may or may not have symptoms
What are the most common allergenic foods?
Peanuts Tree Nuts Milk Eggs Wheat Soybeans Fish and Shelfish -can grow out of allergen but peanut usually persist for 4 years
What is a food intolerance?
No antibodies involved, no immune response, probably stomach ache, nausea, hives
Why is self feeding a good thing?
Helps stimulate the mouth so its safer and protects against chocking and more likely to speak sooner
When you are nutrient deficient what can you child show signs of?
Attention and behaviour problems
What does colour dye do to kids?
May further effect kids who are already prone to hypreactivity
What is a balanced school day?
When there are 2 lunch periods
During adolescence which nutrients are very important and for which sex?
Females need way more iron
-menstruation losses
