Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Food and Nutrition 1030 > Lecture 6 - Protein: Amino Acids > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Protein: Amino Acids Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards
1
Q

What is a protein?

A

Large complex molecules composed of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do all amino acids have in common?

A 
Central C
H
Acid group
Amino Group
Unique side group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does our body main source of Nitrogen come from?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 groups of amino acids?

A

Essential/indispensable and Nonessential/dispensable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

One that we have to consume in our diet because our body cant make it or cant make it in high enough quantities that our body needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the process in which Amino acids are formed?

A

Condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are proteins stored?

A

Our bodies don’t have storage for protein

-they are all being used and have some type of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is he process in which proteins are made?

A

An mRNA is made from DNA. mana comes out of the nucleus and ribosomes bind at many different places on the mRNA and tRNA comes and brings the appropriate amino acid that is next in the protein sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many structures are there for proteins?

A 
4
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

Simply the sequence of amino acids

-not a functional protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Twisting/folding in the chain determined by weak electrical attractions within the chain
-provides strength and rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Complex structures due to side chain properties

-3D shape either fibrous (structural) or globular (transportation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Quaternary Structure of proteins?

A

Interaction between polypeptide chains. 2 or more chains being stuck together
-functional protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is protein denaturation?

A

When a proteins stability is disturbed, which causes the protein to lose its shape and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some forms of denaturation?

A 
Heat
Acids and Bases
Heavy Metals
Alcohol
Other damaging substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which proteins are dented from which substance?

A

Every protein will be susceptible to different forms of denaturation in different ranges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ultimately what does denaturation result in?

A

An irreversible loss in protein function

-primary structure usually still there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is there digestion of proteins in the mouth?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to protein digestion in the stomach?

A

HCl denatures proteins and activates pepsin which is a non specific protease cutting peptide chains into smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to protein digestion in the small intestine?

A

Pancreas and cells in the intestines release enzymes to further breakdown the protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 2 important enzymes that are important for protein digestion in the small intestine?

A

Tripsin: cleaves peptide chain only at lysine and arginines
-inhibits its own production

Chymotripsin: Also cleaves at certain amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are proteins absorbed?

A

Amino acids must be transferred into intestinal cells via specific carriers for amino acids and small peptides
-one carrier for a couple specific amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 things that can happen to amino acids after they are in the intestinal cells?

A
  1. Used for energy

2. Used for synthesis of other compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When proteins are absorbed and not used where do they go?

A

Sent to the liver via the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why do we need proteins?

A 
Cell growth, repair and maintenance
Hormones
Enzymes
Electrolyte balance
pH balance
Transporters
Antibodies
Energy source
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why are proteins and fluid balance important?

A

Proteins attract waster and are found in cells and in plasma. Don’t normally cross the cell membranes and therefore fluid accumulates in the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why are proteins important in acid-base balance?

A

Low proteins lead the environment to be more acidic or basic which disturbed protein function by altering blood pH.

28
Q

Why are proteins important in antibodies?

A

Antigens are destroyed by antibodies. Molecular memory is called immunity. If there is a low intake in protein then you have a weakened immune system
-each antigen has a specific antibody to protect the body from being sick

29
Q

Why are proteins important in energy?

A

Proteins can be sacrificed when needed for energy (4kcal/g of protein)
-protein needs to go through deamination, creating ammonia and is excreted through the kidneys

30
Q

What is protein turnover?

A

The continual making and breaking down of proteins

31
Q

How is the protein turnover constant?

A

There is an amino acid pool which remains constant within our cells to use and make other proteins or use for energy purposes

32
Q

What is the N balance?

A

Where there is nitrogen equilibrium

-N in the body = N out

33
Q

What is a +N balance?

A

When consuming more nitrogen then excreting

34
Q

What is a -N balance?

A

When losing more nitrogen than they are taking in

35
Q

What can we make out of amino acids?

A

Other compounds (neurotransmitters)
Energy and glucose
Fat
-amino acid needs to be deaminated

36
Q

After deamination what are you left with?

A

Ammonia and the remaining carbon structure (Keto acid) which is used for energy to make glucose or non essential amino acids or Acetyl CoA

37
Q

What determines protein quality?

A

Digestibility

Amino Acid Composition

38
Q

What is protein digestibility dependent on?

A

Source of foods eaten
Animal protein: 90-99% digestibility (not a bunch of fibre)
Soy and legume protein: >90% digestibility (has more fibre, harder to digest because we don’t have the enzymes)
Plant protein: 70-90% digestible (veggies, nuts and seeds)

39
Q

What determines protein quality in terms of amino acid composition?

A

Must have all 9 essential amino acids because we can not make these
-partial proteins aren’t a thing

40
Q

What is a strategy used to ensure you get a complete set of amino acids?

A

Complementary proteins

-combining proteins from different sources to create full amino acid complement

41
Q

What is PDCAAS?

A

Protein Digestibility corrected amino acid score

-measures protein quality based on digestibility and essential amino acid profile on a 0-100 scale

42
Q

Which foods are 100 on the PDCAAS?

A 
Egg whites
Ground beef
Chicken
Skim milk
Tuna
43
Q

What is the AMDR protein recommendation?

A

10-35% total daily energy intake

44
Q

What is the RDA protein recommendation?

A

0.8g/kg body weight/day

45
Q

Which groups of people require more protein?

A

Children, pregnant women, Athletes and vegetarians (more because they are less digestible)

46
Q

What are the 6 types of vegetarian diets?

A 
Semivegetarian/flexitarian
Pescovegetarian
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Lacto-vegetarian
Ovovegetarian
Vegan
47
Q

What is a Semivegetarian?

A

Excludes or limits red meat, may also avoid other meats

48
Q

What is a Pescovegetarian?

A

Only eat fish

49
Q

What is a Lacto-ovo-vegetarian?

A

Excludes animal flesh and seafood

-eats eggs and dairy products

50
Q

What is a lacto-vegetarian?

A

Excludes eggs

-consumes dairy products

51
Q

What is an Ovovegetarian?

A

Excludes dairy products, flesh and seafood products

-consumes eggs

52
Q

What is a Vegan?

A

Only consumes plant based foods

-may be B12, zinc, iron and calcium deficient

53
Q

Why do people become vegetarians?

A 
Religious reasons
Ethical reasons
Food safety
Ecological reasons
Health benefits
54
Q

Wha are the health benefits of becoming a vegetarian?

A

Lower intake of fat and total energy, blood pressure
Reduced risk of heart disease, cancer, kidney disease
Fewer digestive problems (higher fibre intake)

55
Q

What are some challenges with a vegetarian diet?

A

Can be low in Fe, Ca, Zn, Vitamin D B2 B12

Need to have complementary proteins

56
Q

Where can vegetarians obtain possible missing B12, D B2 (riboflavin), Fe, Ca and Zn?

A

B12-fortified grains, nutritional yeast
D- Fortified milk products, fatty fish, sun (D3 better)
B2-Dairy, enriched whole grains, legumes veggies nuts and seeds
Fe-whole grains, dried fruit, leafy veggies, beans, nuts
Ca- dairy alternatives fortified with calcium, almonds, leafy veggies
Zn- who grains, wheat germ, beans, nuts and seeds

57
Q

What is PEM?

A

Protein-Energy Malnutrition

  • insufficient intake of protein, energy or both
  • mostly impact children
58
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

“The sickness the baby baby gets when the new baby come”

  • results from inadequate protein intake
  • affects older infants
59
Q

What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor?

A

Happens fast
Some weight loss (usually hidden by edema)
Muscle wasting
80% growth for weight and age
Enlarged fatty liver (results in distended abdomen)
Loss of appetite

60
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Chronic Deprivation of protein

-occurs in children less than 24 months

61
Q

What are symptoms of Marasmus?

A

Weight loss

Muscle wasting

62
Q

How does one die from PEM?

A

By infection from degradation of antibodies

63
Q

How do you cure PEM?

A

It is reversible with rehydration, electrolyte balance and gradually adding protein into the diet

64
Q

What population does PEM also effect?

A 
Poverty,
Elderly
Homeless
Eating disorders
AIDS/Cancer
65
Q

What happens when you consume too much protein?

A

High cholesterol and heart disease

Possible bone loss- high protein diets may cause excess CA excretion

Kidney disease

66
Q

Are protein powders useful?

A

Not really, working the muscle promotes growth, not protein supplements
-also puts an excess load on your kidneys

67
Q

Are single amino acid supplements useful?

A

No benefit and could lead to a deficiency in other amino acids.

  • Overloads carrier proteins
  • Can be toxic

Food and Nutrition 1030 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions