Lecture 10 - Weight Management: Overweight & Obesity Flashcards by Delayne van Dijk

Where is fat stored?

Fat cells are stored in adipose tissue

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What does body fat reflect?

Depending on what it looks like can reflect the number and size of fat cells

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When do fat cells grow the most?

In growing years they grow the most rapidly

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What is adipose tissue similar to?

An endocrine system

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What determines how our fat cells grow?

It is genetically predisposed

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What happens when fat cells die off?

They don’t really die off, they shrink

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Which demographic has a higher level of fat cells?

Obese individuals have more fat cells

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How are fat cells developed?

When energy in > energy out

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What happens when enlargement of fat cells becomes too much for adipose tissues?

Fat may accumulate in other areas of the body

-visceral

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What happens to fat cells when energy out > energy in?

Fat cell size decreases, there is no change in the NUMBER of fat cells
ectopic fat decreases
Adipokine profile begins to improve with as little as 5% weight loss

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What is LPL’s role in fat cell metabolism?

LPL takes up triglycerides into tissues

-LPL activity is increased in obese people

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What does LPL levels depend on ?

Genetics and where you store your fat

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What happens to LPL activity when you lose weight?

LPL activity increases

is it released when fat cells shrink because the body thinks its not getting enough energy, so they shrink in hopes to regain the weight
very efficient at regaining the weight

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What is the set point theory?

The body likes to maintain homeostasis

-body tries to adjust to original weight either by increasing metabolism or decrease LPL activity

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What are the main causes of overweight and obesity?

Genetics: determine preposition to obesity

genetics interact with diet and physical activity
physical activity can minimize the genetic influence on body weight

Epigenetics

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What is Leptin?

Act as a hormones in the hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis and promotes a negative energy balance

supresses appetite
increases energy expenditure

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What is leptins nickname?

The obese genes

produced in adipose tissue
codes for the leptin protein

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What is leptin resistance?

Production levels increase/decrease with BMI

- Does not suppress appetite or enhance energy expenditure

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What increases leptin resistance?

Excessive fracture consumption induces leptin resistance and accelerates fat storage

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What is Ghrelin?

Protein made in the stomach to stimulate appetite by actin on the hypothalamus

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How do levels of Ghrelin vary?

Levels increase after weight loss

lack of sleep increases and decreases levels
we are sensitive to effects regardless of weight

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What happens if you lose the ability to produce leptin?

Ghrelin will still be produced and at an even higher level

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What is the cause of obesity and overweight ?

Physical inactivity 
Childhood weight
Behavioural factors 
-food choices
-hunger vs appetite
Social factors
-expectation of body types

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What is the DRI for physical activity?

60 mins of moderate activity to prevent weight gain

150 min of moderate-vigorous activity per week for health benefits

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Why doesn't exercise lead to weight loss?

Because NEAT accounts for those excessed calories, so exercise is just for health benefits

What is food?

``` Essential for life Symbol of culture Ritual object Product to be purchased Cause pleasure, guilt and shame ```

What are the physiological influences of food?

``` Sight Smell Sound Texture Taste ```

Evolutionarilty speaking, why do we eat food?

For energy purposes | -as a rule of thumb if it tastes good we can consume it can it can't harm us

Which is a stronger influence, hunger or satiety mechanisms?

Hunger is stronger for survival reasons. Satiety is more easily overridden

What is hunger?

Prompts people to eat

What sends the signal of satiety?

Hypothalamus tells us we are full

Why do we tent to like sweeter things?

We are born with the unlearned preference for sweet things | -this taking to sweetness remains throughout the lifecycle

Why do we have a tendency to like fatty things?

Contributes to texture and increases palatability of other foods and tastes

How do we learn food preferences?

Is a learned behaviour based on +/- responses Largely based on culture you were raised in

What increases food acceptance/preferences?

Repeated exposure

What is a phsycological factor in the role of learning food?

Food as a reward of punishment | -enticing individuals to consume these foods when high fat/sugar foods are already triggering the pleasure centres

How does the environment affect food?

The environment that we are in and all circumstances that we encounter daily interacts will our genes

What is over eating due to?

abundance of high kcal, inexpensive, tasty, advertised food - convenience - large serving size - ready to go meals

What are some events that we associate food with?

Baseball games Movies Birthday Parties Holidays

Why is commodifying food bad?

Processed food with added sugar and fat are - cheaper to make and transport - last longer - offers a days worth of kcal for 1-2$

Which groups are affected by income when it comes to food choices?

Children Seniors Aboriginals -not enough money to buy healthy foods

What is the most important barrier to healthy eating?

Inadequate income

What is the poverty obesity paradox?

Incomes is a social determine of health and an important predictor of health 1. Food insecurity 2. undernutrition and over nutrition 3. Malnutrition Micronutrient deficiency a d obesity& NCDs

Who is affected by food marketing?

Everyone | -people may think they are immune but they are not

Who receives food marketing the best?

Children 8 years and up - under they don't understand the internet of the message - under 4 can't differentiate between TV and commercials

When is weightless recommended?

- When 2 ore more risk factors for disease exist | - When a life threatening disease is present

What is the biggest key to success for weight loss?

Adhearence: I want to do it Self advocacy: I can do it Willpower

What are perceptions of obsession people that would deter them from trying to lose weight if they have to?

``` Discrimination Appearance judgement Laziness Lack of self control Psychological problems ```

What are the drug treatments for obesity?

Orlistat: inhibits pancreatic lipase activity Phentermine & diethylpropion: norepinephrine enhancers which decrease food intake

What do strategies for weightless depend on?

Degree of obesity | Risk of disease

What is Roux-En-Y gastric bypass?

Attaching the jejunum to the stomach, bypassing most of the stomach and the duodenum -stomach pouch is 30-60ml

What is the problem with Roux-En-Y?

Many nutrients are absorbed in the duodenum, can lead to deficiencies Highest risk of complication

What is the good part about Roux-En-Y?

Lowest failure rate

What is a gastric sleeve?

Portion of the stomach (top to bottom) is removed - Stomach functions normally and sphincters remain intack - size is 100-150ml

What is the downside tot he gastric sleeve?

Reduced the production of Ghrelin

What are 3 things to do to make sure the weight stays off?

1. Keep a food record 2. Walk 150 minutes minimum/week 3. Self weigh periodically

What is one thing that is hard for people to come to terms with in losing weight?

Setting reasonable goals | -people aren't happy because they were unsuccessful but their expectation was unrealistic

What are reasonable weight goals?

Small changes Moderate losses 10% bodyweight in 6 month

When do you see health benefits occur with weightless?

When modest weight loss (5-10% of body weight)

What are weightless strategies for eating plans?

Realistic energy intake Avoid starvation and deprivation Eat small portions WATER

What are weightless strategies for behaviours and attitudes?

- Behaviour modifications (positive, matter of fact) - Keep records of behaviours - Change behaviour (small, practice, reward)

What does it mean when your body is plateau-ing?

Body is adjusting to new weight

What takes more effort, prevention or gaining?

More effort to prevent the weight regain than to prevent weigh gain

What does political will have too do with healthy eating?

They have the capacity to make large scale changes to promote healthy behaviours - food guide - %daily value - Nutrition facts table

Lecture 10 - Weight Management: Overweight & Obesity Flashcards

(64 cards)