Lecture 10 - Weight Management: Overweight & Obesity Flashcards
Where is fat stored?
Fat cells are stored in adipose tissue
What does body fat reflect?
Depending on what it looks like can reflect the number and size of fat cells
When do fat cells grow the most?
In growing years they grow the most rapidly
What is adipose tissue similar to?
An endocrine system
What determines how our fat cells grow?
It is genetically predisposed
What happens when fat cells die off?
They don’t really die off, they shrink
Which demographic has a higher level of fat cells?
Obese individuals have more fat cells
How are fat cells developed?
When energy in > energy out
What happens when enlargement of fat cells becomes too much for adipose tissues?
Fat may accumulate in other areas of the body
-visceral
What happens to fat cells when energy out > energy in?
- Fat cell size decreases, there is no change in the NUMBER of fat cells
- ectopic fat decreases
- Adipokine profile begins to improve with as little as 5% weight loss
What is LPL’s role in fat cell metabolism?
LPL takes up triglycerides into tissues
-LPL activity is increased in obese people
What does LPL levels depend on ?
Genetics and where you store your fat
What happens to LPL activity when you lose weight?
LPL activity increases
- is it released when fat cells shrink because the body thinks its not getting enough energy, so they shrink in hopes to regain the weight
- very efficient at regaining the weight
What is the set point theory?
The body likes to maintain homeostasis
-body tries to adjust to original weight either by increasing metabolism or decrease LPL activity
What are the main causes of overweight and obesity?
Genetics: determine preposition to obesity
- genetics interact with diet and physical activity
- physical activity can minimize the genetic influence on body weight
Epigenetics
What is Leptin?
Act as a hormones in the hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis and promotes a negative energy balance
- supresses appetite
- increases energy expenditure
What is leptins nickname?
The obese genes
- produced in adipose tissue
- codes for the leptin protein
What is leptin resistance?
- Production levels increase/decrease with BMI
- Does not suppress appetite or enhance energy expenditure
What increases leptin resistance?
Excessive fracture consumption induces leptin resistance and accelerates fat storage
What is Ghrelin?
Protein made in the stomach to stimulate appetite by actin on the hypothalamus
How do levels of Ghrelin vary?
Levels increase after weight loss
- lack of sleep increases and decreases levels
- we are sensitive to effects regardless of weight
What happens if you lose the ability to produce leptin?
Ghrelin will still be produced and at an even higher level
What is the cause of obesity and overweight ?
Physical inactivity Childhood weight Behavioural factors -food choices -hunger vs appetite Social factors -expectation of body types
What is the DRI for physical activity?
60 mins of moderate activity to prevent weight gain
150 min of moderate-vigorous activity per week for health benefits
Why doesn’t exercise lead to weight loss?
Because NEAT accounts for those excessed calories, so exercise is just for health benefits
What is food?
Essential for life Symbol of culture Ritual object Product to be purchased Cause pleasure, guilt and shame
What are the physiological influences of food?
Sight Smell Sound Texture Taste
Evolutionarilty speaking, why do we eat food?
For energy purposes
-as a rule of thumb if it tastes good we can consume it can it can’t harm us
Which is a stronger influence, hunger or satiety mechanisms?
Hunger is stronger for survival reasons. Satiety is more easily overridden
What is hunger?
Prompts people to eat
What sends the signal of satiety?
Hypothalamus tells us we are full
Why do we tent to like sweeter things?
We are born with the unlearned preference for sweet things
-this taking to sweetness remains throughout the lifecycle
Why do we have a tendency to like fatty things?
Contributes to texture and increases palatability of other foods and tastes
How do we learn food preferences?
Is a learned behaviour based on +/- responses
Largely based on culture you were raised in
What increases food acceptance/preferences?
Repeated exposure
What is a phsycological factor in the role of learning food?
Food as a reward of punishment
-enticing individuals to consume these foods when high fat/sugar foods are already triggering the pleasure centres
How does the environment affect food?
The environment that we are in and all circumstances that we encounter daily interacts will our genes
What is over eating due to?
abundance of high kcal, inexpensive, tasty, advertised food
- convenience
- large serving size
- ready to go meals
What are some events that we associate food with?
Baseball games
Movies
Birthday Parties
Holidays
Why is commodifying food bad?
Processed food with added sugar and fat are
- cheaper to make and transport
- last longer
- offers a days worth of kcal for 1-2$
Which groups are affected by income when it comes to food choices?
Children
Seniors
Aboriginals
-not enough money to buy healthy foods
What is the most important barrier to healthy eating?
Inadequate income
What is the poverty obesity paradox?
Incomes is a social determine of health and an important predictor of health
1. Food insecurity
2. undernutrition and over nutrition
3. Malnutrition
Micronutrient deficiency a d obesity& NCDs
Who is affected by food marketing?
Everyone
-people may think they are immune but they are not
Who receives food marketing the best?
Children 8 years and up
- under they don’t understand the internet of the message
- under 4 can’t differentiate between TV and commercials
When is weightless recommended?
- When 2 ore more risk factors for disease exist
- When a life threatening disease is present
What is the biggest key to success for weight loss?
Adhearence: I want to do it
Self advocacy: I can do it
Willpower
What are perceptions of obsession people that would deter them from trying to lose weight if they have to?
Discrimination Appearance judgement Laziness Lack of self control Psychological problems
What are the drug treatments for obesity?
Orlistat: inhibits pancreatic lipase activity
Phentermine & diethylpropion: norepinephrine enhancers which decrease food intake
What do strategies for weightless depend on?
Degree of obesity
Risk of disease
What is Roux-En-Y gastric bypass?
Attaching the jejunum to the stomach, bypassing most of the stomach and the duodenum
-stomach pouch is 30-60ml
What is the problem with Roux-En-Y?
Many nutrients are absorbed in the duodenum, can lead to deficiencies
Highest risk of complication
What is the good part about Roux-En-Y?
Lowest failure rate
What is a gastric sleeve?
Portion of the stomach (top to bottom) is removed
- Stomach functions normally and sphincters remain intack
- size is 100-150ml
What is the downside tot he gastric sleeve?
Reduced the production of Ghrelin
What are 3 things to do to make sure the weight stays off?
- Keep a food record
- Walk 150 minutes minimum/week
- Self weigh periodically
What is one thing that is hard for people to come to terms with in losing weight?
Setting reasonable goals
-people aren’t happy because they were unsuccessful but their expectation was unrealistic
What are reasonable weight goals?
Small changes
Moderate losses
10% bodyweight in 6 month
When do you see health benefits occur with weightless?
When modest weight loss (5-10% of body weight)
What are weightless strategies for eating plans?
Realistic energy intake
Avoid starvation and deprivation
Eat small portions
WATER
What are weightless strategies for behaviours and attitudes?
- Behaviour modifications (positive, matter of fact)
- Keep records of behaviours
- Change behaviour (small, practice, reward)
What does it mean when your body is plateau-ing?
Body is adjusting to new weight
What takes more effort, prevention or gaining?
More effort to prevent the weight regain than to prevent weigh gain
What does political will have too do with healthy eating?
They have the capacity to make large scale changes to promote healthy behaviours
- food guide
- %daily value
- Nutrition facts table
