Lecture 9 : GREEN CRIMINOLOGY AND THE CITY

Question 1

//What are the three main components of green criminology according to White and Heckenberg (2014)?

Answer 1

Environmental harms
environmental laws, and environmental regulation.
LRH

Question 2

What do environmental laws in green criminology encompass?

Answer 2

Enforcement
prosecution
sentencing practices.
PES

Question 3

What does green criminology extend the notion of ‘harm’ to include?

Answer 3

Harms against non-humans such as animals, plants, and ecosystems.

Question 4

What is the global focus of green criminology?

Answer 4

Environmental harms do not respect national borders.

Question 5

What is the radical/critical element of green criminology?

Answer 5

It focuses on the harmful behavior of the POWERFUL (states, corporations) compared with traditional criminological focus on ‘crimes of the streets’.

Question 6

What are primary green crimes?

Answer 6

Acts that directly cause harm to the environment
such as air pollution, deforestation, water and ground pollution, and harms against non-human species.

Question 7

What do secondary green crimes involve?

Answer 7

Crimes arising from the exploitation of conditions following environmental damage and/or the violation of environmental laws/rules.

Question 8

Give examples of secondary green crimes.

Answer 8

Illegal markets for food/medicine/water, organized crime dumping toxic waste, individuals fly-tipping, and illegal poaching of fish.

Question 9

What are tertiary green crimes?

Answer 9

Crimes committed by environmental victims
such as crimes committed by climate change migrants or as a result of pollutants in food/water.

Question 10

What are “brown issues” in green criminology according to White (2008)?

Answer 10

Air, water, and ground pollution, toxic waste, and oil spills.

Question 11

What do “green issues” in green criminology encompass?

Answer 11

Conservation and wildlife protection, biodiversity and habitat loss, acid rain, invasive species, logging, and deforestation.

Question 12

What are “white issues” in green criminology?

Answer 12

New technologies and laboratory practices, animal experiments, GM crops, and environment-related pandemics

Question 13

Name 5 types of green crime offenders

Answer 13

Economic systems
Nation states
Transnational corporations
Organised crime groups
Individuals

Question 14

Who are potential victims of green crime according to the ‘democratic impacts’ perspective?

Answer 14

All humans, as we are all potential victims.

Question 15

What does the ‘environmental justice’ perspective emphasize about green crime victims?

Answer 15

The disproportionate victimization of marginalized groups such as the poor, women, minorities, and indigenous populations.

Question 16

What does the ‘more than human’ perspective focus on regarding victims of green crime?

Answer 16

Fauna and flora.

Question 17

Besides humans and wildlife, what else is considered a victim of green crime?

Answer 17

Ecosystems and the earth.

Question 18

what are the 2 types Responding to green crime, Regulatory/economic approaches

Answer 18

Formal/informal Regulation
Market-based instruments

Question 19

What does effective environmental governance need to draw on?

Answer 19

The capacities and knowledge of non-state groups, including community groups, civil society, and the commercial sector.

Question 20

How does the New Environmental Governance suggest incentivizing responsible environmental behavior?

Answer 20

By increasing the role of the insurance industry.

Question 21

What percentage of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions do cities contribute?

Answer 21

75%.

Question 22

How is urban land use predicted to change between 2015 and 2050?

Answer 22

Urban land is predicted to triple globally.

Question 23

What will new cities require in large amounts for construction and maintenance?

Answer 23

Huge amounts of raw materials and other resources to build, let alone power.

Question 24

What is one of the primary drivers of habitat and biodiversity loss?

Answer 24

Urbanization.

Question 25

What type of migration is leading to population shifts from rural to urban areas?

Answer 25

Climate migration.

Question 26

What new perspectives can a ‘green’ perspective bring to the study of urban crime?

Answer 26

Studies of organized, corporate, and ‘white collar’ crime in urban settings.

Question 27

What do radical perspectives on harms in the city highlight according to a ‘green’ perspective?

Answer 27

Previously ‘ignored’ insecurities as criminological problems, such as environmental justice.

Question 28

How can eco-city models be applied in urban criminology?

Answer 28

To address both green and ‘normal’ crimes associated with the ‘ecological’ analysis of urban crime.

Question 29

Who are disproportionately affected by pollution and environmental degradation in urban areas?

Answer 29

Urban populations.

Question 30

Which groups within urban populations are disproportionately victimized by environmental harms?

Answer 30

Already-disadvantaged groups.

Question 31

What is ‘Dirty Collar Crime’ according to Ruggiero and South (2010)?

Answer 31

A pattern of systemic corruption of local officials, circumvention of existing regulations, and involvement in waste management crimes.

Question 32

What is ‘crime by proxy’ in the context of waste management?

Answer 32

Waste dumping contracted out to criminal groups by ‘legitimate’ actors.

Question 33

What are ‘criminal partnerships’ in the context of ‘Dirty Collar Crime’?

Answer 33

Public officials, entrepreneurs, and organized criminals working together on an equal footing.

Question 34

What do ‘Social Disorganization’ and ‘Collective Efficacy’ theories highlight as contributors to urban crime?

Answer 34

High mobility and resident turnover, lack of stable community structures and institutions, lack of social capital, lack of mutual trust, and poor informal social controls.

Question 35

what are the 2 impacts of eco-cities on green and traditional crimes

Answer 35

1. Eco-cities generate fewer environmental harms/injustices associated with ‘traditional’ cities
2. Beneficial impacts on reducing victimisation for ‘traditional’ crimes (see Lynch 2013)