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Crime, Security and Justice in the City > Lecture 3 : RIOTS, PROTEST AND MASS DISORDER IN THE CITY > Flashcards

Lecture 3 : RIOTS, PROTEST AND MASS DISORDER IN THE CITY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the legal definition Section 1 of the Public Order Act 1986 for riots?

A

12 or more people together threaten or use unlawful violence for a common purpose in such a way that the conduct of them all together is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness at the scene to fear for their personal safety’

Mnemonic: 12 Violent People Create Fear

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2
Q

How is the term “riot” often used in a way that is not neutral?

A

not neutral - It is used as a label to imply criminality and condemnation.

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3
Q

According to Tilly (2003), what does the term “riot” embody?

A

It reflects a political judgment instead of an analytical distinction.

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4
Q

What do sociological traditions focus on when explaining why riots happen?

A

Broader/deeper social conditions like social inequality, exclusion

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5
Q

What aspects do psychological traditions focus on to explain why riots happen?

A

Distinctive characteristics of the ‘rioters’ such as rationality, personality, and morality.

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6
Q

What do contemporary social psychological approaches explore regarding mass disorder?

A

The interactional aspects and the ‘collective identity/identities’ of the crowd.

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7
Q

How did Le Bon view the late 19th Century in terms of societal transformation?

A

He saw it as the ‘era of the crowd’ with the potential to negatively transform society.

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8
Q

How does Le Bon describe a crowd in psychological terms?

A

As a psychological entity with a ‘collective mind’.

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9
Q

What happens to individuals’ sense of self and responsibility in a crowd?

A

They lose their sense of self and responsibility, becoming ‘submerged’ and feeling empowered.

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10
Q

What is ‘contagion’ in the context of crowd behavior?

A

The inability of crowd members to resist passing ideas and emotions, leading to a loss of self-control.

worse aspect of the crowd, unable to resist to the violence etc

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11
Q

What does Le Bon’s idea of ‘suggestibility’ indicate about crowd members?

A

It indicates atavism, suggesting that crowd members lose their veneer of civilization and behave more primitively.
also implies behaving like animals

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12
Q

What are the key criticisms of classical crowd theories?
PIG-D

A
  • Decontextualisation
  • Generalisation
  • Pathologisation
  • Ideological slant
  • denial of voice
  • denial of responsibility
  • legitimized repression

PIG - D

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13
Q

What does ESIM mean

A

Elaborated Social Identity Model

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14
Q

According to the Elaborated Social Identity Model (ESIM), what does a crowd consist of?

A

A crowd contains many different ‘psychological crowds’ with different identities and intentions.

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15
Q

What kind of interaction effects can occur between the police and the crowd?

A

Interaction effects between police and crowd can create ‘vicious circles’.

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16
Q

What are the four principles for policing policy influenced by ESIM?

A

Educate
Communicate
Facilitate
Differentiate

DECaF

17
Q

How were the 1960s US ‘ghetto’ riots viewed in terms of their nature?

A

As a mechanism of political protest, not as basic criminality or ‘irrational’ violence.

18
Q

What core themes have studies of UK riots from the 1980s onwards focused on?

A

Structural inequality, poverty, unemployment, and racism.

19
Q

What are the 6 different levels of Waddington’s flashpoint model

A

Ø Structural
Ø Political/ideological
Ø Cultural
Ø Contextual
Ø Situational
Ø Interactional

SPICCS

20
Q

What are the structural factors in the ‘Flashpoints’ model?

A

Macro-sociological factors such as inequality, powerlessness, and social exclusion.

21
Q

In the ‘Flashpoints’ model, what do political/ideological factors refer to?

A

how key institutions react to group issues (police and media)

22
Q

What are cultural factors in the ‘Flashpoints’ model?

A

Shared ways of life, ways of viewing the world, in-group and out-group stereotypes, and rules of behavior.

23
Q

What do contextual factors include in the ‘Flashpoints’ model?

A

Communication and historical context around the situation.

24
Q

What are situational factors in the ‘Flashpoints’ model?

A

Specific features of the disorder’s location.

25
Q

What do interactional factors refer to in the ‘Flashpoints’ model?

A

The quality of interactions between police and citizens during the event.

26
Q

According to the ‘Flashpoints’ model, what can trigger a spate of spiraling mutual violence?

A

A ‘flashpoint’ incident or series of incidents.
a spark

27
Q

What is 2 criticism of the ‘Flashpoints’ model by P.A.J. Waddington (1991)?

A

Simplistic police-blaming.

Long time lag between flashpoint and riot reduces its explanatory utility

28
Q

What criticism do Bagguley and Hussain (2009) have about over-generalization in the ‘Flashpoints’ model?

A
  • Over-generalization (conflates very different forms of disorder)
  • Homogenized notion of crowd
  • Too vague and imprecise
  • Simplistic reduction to a solitary ‘flashpoint’
29
Q

What does Newburn (2015) say about the specification of ‘flashpoints’ in the model?

A

Flashpoints’ are not clearly specified

It focuses overly on the ‘causes’ of rioting before the riots rather than seeing them ‘in the round’.

need to focus on ‘life cycle’ of riots including the dynamics during the riots, and penal/policy responses that occur afterwards

30
Q

What and where event triggered the 2011 England riots on August 4th?

A

The shooting of Mark Duggan.

Tottenham.

31
Q

According to the ‘Reading the Riots’ study, what were some of the motivations for the rioters?

A

Excitement and carnival.

32
Q

What aspect of society did the rioters focus on, as highlighted by the ‘Reading the Riots’ study?

A

Consumerism

33
Q

How did the rioters feel towards the police, according to the ‘Reading the Riots’ study?

A

They felt empowerment and sought revenge against the police.

34
Q

According to Newburn (2016), what was observed about the spread of the 2011 rioting across the UK?

A

There was an uneven spread of the 2011 rioting across the UK.

35
Q

Which 3 levels of the ‘Flashpoints model’ worked to reduce the risk of mass violence in the case studies of Leeds and Bristol?

A

Political, situational, and interactional levels.

36
Q

What has the ‘paramilitarization’ of public order policing in England and Wales resulted in?

A

Major shifts in organization, tactics, and equipment.

37
Q

What does Jefferson argue about paramilitary policing and its effects on violence?

A

Paramilitary policing can provoke violence.

38
Q

What is PAJ Waddington’s view on the cause of growing violence?

A

He believes paramilitary policing is a response to growing violence.

Crime, Security and Justice in the City (9 decks)

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