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Crime, Security and Justice in the City > Lecture 5 : SPACE, PLACE AND CRIME IN THE CITY > Flashcards

Lecture 5 : SPACE, PLACE AND CRIME IN THE CITY Flashcards

1
Q

What are long-standing perceptions of urban areas discussed in ‘Ecological’ perspectives on urban crime and disorder?

A

Perceptions of ‘rough’ versus ‘nice’ areas.

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2
Q

How is crime distributed according to ecological perspectives?

A

Crime does not happen randomly – it is distributed unevenly between different times and places

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3
Q

What are ‘ecological’ approaches to crime?

A

The study of spatial and temporal patterns of crime as shaped by the physical and social environment.

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4
Q

What does an offender-based approach in criminology focus on?

A

who is committing the crime

includes statistical mapping of offender residence patterns

identifying ‘delinquent areas.

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5
Q

What is an offence-based approach in criminology?

A

It focuses on where and when crimes happen

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6
Q

What did Shaw and McKay (1942) find about offender rates in different places?

A

Offender rates vary between different places (e.g. ‘Zone in Transition’)

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7
Q

What did Sherman et al. (1989) and Farrell and Pease (2001) find about the spatial distribution of offenders and victims in high crime areas?

not random concentrated in …

A

It is not random but concentrated on particular ‘hotspot’ streets or households.

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7
Q

What do Sampson and Raudenbush (1999) say about variations in crime and disorder?

A

Variations in crime and disorder are associated with different physical, social, and economic environments in particular areas.

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8
Q

How is offenders’ decision-making about where to offend shaped according to Brantingham and Brantingham (1981)?

A

the social and physical environment, considering opportunities and risks.

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8
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of neighborhoods associated with social disorganization?

A

Low socio-economic status,
high resident turnover and
ethnic and cultural heterogeneity.

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8
Q

What 2 contributes to weak social controls in disorganized neighborhoods?

A

lack of common value systems,
low participation and social trust.

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9
Q

What environment encourages the flourishing of criminal subcultures according to Shaw and McKay?

A

An environment where young people are not socialized into conformist values and are exposed to deviant norms.

(An environment where young people don’t learn traditional values and are influenced by bad behavior.)

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9
Q

How does social disorganization affect young people in these areas?

what do they do and what family/parental problem is it

A

Young people congregate in public spaces with a lack of parental surveillance, leading to exposure to deviant norms and criminal subcultures.

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10
Q

What is ‘collective efficacy’ (CE) according to Robert Sampson?

A

The process of activating or converting social ties among neighborhood residents to achieve collective goals, such as public order or crime control.

Simple- Collective efficacy is when people in a neighborhood work together to achieve common goals, like keeping the area safe and orderly.

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10
Q

Why are strong social networks alone insufficient for social control?

they need to be

A

Residents must also be willing to intervene.

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11
Q

How does collective efficacy manifest in community actions

A

Through the use of public space, intervention in incidents, dispute resolution, and cooperation with the police.

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11
Q

What conditions foster collective efficacy?
t….

A

Social cohesion and trust between residents.

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12
Q

What is the relationship between collective efficacy and rates of violence?
the higher the …

A

Communities with higher rates of collective efficacy have lower rates of violence (Sampson and Raudenbush 1999).

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13
Q

What is the background of Routine Activities Theory (RAT) by Cohen and Felson (1979)?
weighing up …

A

It is based on rational choice and opportunity theory, where offenders weigh risks, efforts, and rewards, and social/economic environments shape opportunities for offending.

14
Q

How does Routine Activities Theory (RAT) challenge traditional thinking about crime?

A

It challenges the view of crime as a pathology related to social ills/problems.

15
Q

What three elements need to converge for a crime to occur according to RAT?

A

A motivated offender, a suitable target, and the lack of a capable guardian.

16
Q

What changes are associated with changes in crime rates in Routine Activities Theory?

A

Changes in routine activities over time.

17
Q

How does the social/physical environment shape offender decision-making according to Crime Pattern Theory (Brantingham and Brantingham 1981)?

A

Through environmental cues.

18
Q

Where do offenders prefer to commit crimes according to Crime Pattern Theory?

A

In familiar contexts they get to know through their daily routines.

19
Q

What are the criticisms of the rational choice assumptions underpinning Crime Pattern Theory?

A

It doesn’t account for spontaneous acts of offending, drink/drug-related offending, and non-instrumental crimes such as ‘joy-riding.’

20
Q

What does ‘Broken Windows’ theory link to the occurrence of crime?

A

Links between ‘disorder’/’incivilities’ and crime.

21
Q

What is a ‘spiral of decline’ in ‘Broken Windows’ theory?

A

Communities reach ‘tipping points’ after which disorder and crime accelerate and feed off each other.

21
Q

What is ‘order-maintenance’ policing according to ‘Broken Windows’ theory?

A

Vigorous police action against incivilities to prevent serious crime.

21
Q

How does ‘Broken Windows’ theory explain the erosion of community controls?

A

Through the erosion of informal community controls and law-abiding people avoiding public spaces.

22
Q

What types of incidents transmit signals that shape people’s risk perceptions?

A

Incidents such as youths hanging around, litter/graffiti/vandalism, and public drinking.

23
Q

What is signal theory?

GPT so not actual def

A

it’s a theory that suggests certain crimes or disorderly events act as signals that influence people’s perceptions of safety and security in their environment

24
Q

What message do physical/social signs of disorder send to residents?

A

They send a powerful message that the local area is ‘out of control.’

25
Q

Where are physical/social signs of disorder typically concentrated according to Signal Crime Theory?

A

In poorer areas.

26
Q

What does Bottoms (2007) suggest about the relationship between ‘individual’ factors and neighborhood context?

A

Many ‘individual’ factors are likely to be significantly shaped by the neighborhood or community context where young people are raised.

27
Q

What is the goal of ‘neighborhood regeneration’?

A

Physical and social interventions to tackle deeper causes of social problems in deprived urban areas.

28
Q

2 factors which Neighbourhood ‘regeneration’ and ‘renewal’

A
  • Physical enhancement (street lighting, parks etc)
  • Social interventions (improved schooling, training/work opportunities for young people)
28
Q

What is ‘Defensible Space’ in the context of Situational Crime Prevention?

A

The concept involves designing the physical environment in a way that deters criminal behavior.

29
Q

What is the focus of Situational Crime Prevention according to Clarke (1995)?

A

The immediate social/physical environment of the crime event.

30
Q

How does Situational Crime Prevention aim to reduce crime?

A

By increasing the perceived risk and difficulty of the offense and reducing the potential reward.

31
Q

What are three criticisms of situational crime prevention?

A

Shallow
Displacement
Damaging side effects

32
Q

What are temporal and spatial hotspots?

A

Areas where certain forms of crime cluster, identified for targeted police deployment.

33
Q

What is the primary focus of Neighbourhood Policing (NP) Teams located in small local areas?

A

Developing more proactive ‘community policing’ approaches.

34
Q

What is a key part of Neighbourhood Policing (NP)?

A

Tackling anti-social behaviour in local communities.

35
Q

Who are the key partners in local NP teams?

A

Local authorities and the police.

36
Q

What new role was introduced as part of NP?

A

Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs).

Crime, Security and Justice in the City (9 decks)

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