Lecture 9 - Bones and Joints of the Upper Limb

Question 1

Type of joint:

Immovable: bones are attached by dense connective tissue (fibrous tissue)

Answer 1

Fibrous Joints

Question 2

3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 2

Suture
-Formed by the bones of the skull
Gomphosis
-Peg fits into socket
Syndesmosis
-Joining of two bones by an interosseous membrane
-Permits slight movement

Question 3

Type of Joint:
Two bones are joined by cartilage
More mobile than fibrous joints

Answer 3

Cartilaginous Joints

Question 4

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 4

Primary (synchondrosis)
-Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage
---Sternocostal joint
---Fusion of long bones
Secondary (symphysis)
-Fibrocartilaginous joints 
---Pubic symphysis
---Intervertebral disk

Question 5

Type of joint:
Free mobile joints
-Movement is restricted by muscles & ligaments
Enclosed by a joint capsule, lines with synovial membrane
-Secretes synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes articulating surfaces
Articular surface of bones involved are covered in hyaline cartilage
-To reduce friction

Answer 5

Synovial joints

Question 6

Type of lever:

The fulcrum is between resistance and effort

Answer 6

First order lever

ex. teeter totter

Question 7

Bones act as the lever, Joints act as the ______.

Answer 7

Fulcrum

Question 8

Type of lever:

The resistance is in between fulcrum and effort

Answer 8

Second order lever

ex. wheelbarrow

Question 9

Type of lever:

The effort is between resistance and fulcrum

Answer 9

Third order lever

ex. arm lifting a weight

Question 10

Motion of sternoclavicular joint

Answer 10

Predominantly in the anteroposterior and vertical planes

Some rotation

Question 11

Motion of acromioclavicular joint

Answer 11

Anteroposterior and vertical planes

Some slight axial rotation

Question 12

Shoulder separation happens at which joint(s)?

Answer 12

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint along with coracoclavicular joint

Question 13

Shoulder seperation grade:
Partially stretched AC ligament
Coracoclavicular ligaments intact

Answer 13

Type I

Question 14

Shoulder seperation grade:
Torn AC ligament with some displacement
Coracoclavicular ligaments intact

Answer 14

Type II

Question 15

Shoulder seperation grade:

Complete separation of joint. AC and coracoclavicular ligaments torn

Answer 15

Type III

Question 16

Shoulder dislocation happens at which joint?

Answer 16

Glenohumeral (GH) joint

Question 17

Shoulder dislocation susceptible when shoulder is in which position?

Answer 17

ABDUCTION & EXTERNAL Rotation

Question 18

What nerve may be damged in shoulder dislocation due to the strong pec major pulls the humerus anterosuperiorly

Answer 18

Axillary nerve

Question 19

Anarticulation is formed by the convex surface of the posterior thoracic cage and the concave surface of the anterior scapula
More specifically, with the gliding surfaces formed by the subscapularis and the serratus anterior on this joint

Answer 19

Thoraco-scapular (TS) Joint

Question 20

Epicondyles attachment on humerus used for what movements?

Answer 20

Medial: attachment for flexors
Lateral: attachment for extensors

Question 21

Elbow dislocations occur primarily where?

Answer 21

90% of them occur posteriorly

Question 22

What nerve and artery can be injured in elbow dislocation

Answer 22

Brachial artery and medial nerve

Question 23

Proximal radioulnar joint:

Head of radius held in place by what ligament

Answer 23

Annular ligament

Question 24

radial head subluxation

More specifically, dislocation or subluxation of radial head from annular ligament, this is also known as what?

Answer 24

Nursemaid’s Elbow

Common in young children when the child is suddenly lifted by the hand and the forearm is pronated