Lecture 9 – Blood and Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
outer fibrous, inner serous
A
Pericardium
2
Q
part of the pericardium that is divided into two layers
A
Inner Serous Pericardium
3
Q
Pericardium divided into
A
Outer parietal and Inner visceral
4
Q
fused to outer fibrous
A
Outer parietal
5
Q
known as epicardium
A
Inner visceral
6
Q
consisting of three layers
A
Heart wall
7
Q
Heart wall layers
A
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
8
Q
outermost layer of the heart wall, also known as the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
A
Epicardium
9
Q
cardiac muscle tissue, bulk of the heart.
A
Myocardium
10
Q
innermost layer of the heart wall.
A
Endocardium
11
Q
atria and ventricles
A
Chambers of the Heart
12
Q
two upper chambers
A
Atria
13
Q
two lower chambers
A
Ventricles
14
Q
partition between atria
A
Inter-Atrial Septum
15
Q
major vessels associated with the heart that transport deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
A
Great Vessels of the Heart
16
Q
chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
A
Right Atrium
17
Q
vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium.
A
Superior Vena Cava
18
Q
vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.
A
Inferior Vena Cava
19
Q
vessel that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle (myocardium) and empties it into the right atrium.
A
Coronary Sinus
20
Q
right atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Trunk, Right and Left Pulmonary Artery
A
Deoxygenated Blood Flow in the Heart
21
Q
from lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid (mitral) valve, left ventricle, and ascending aorta
A
oxygenated Blood Flow in the Heart
22
Q
prevents backflow of blood
A
Valves of the Heart
23
Q
tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve
A
Valves of the Heart
24
Q
located between the atrium and ventricle.
A
Atrioventricular Valves
25
lies between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Tricuspid Valve
26
lies between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Bicuspid Valve
27
allow blood to be pumped forward into the arteries, but prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.
Semilunar Valves
28
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
Semilunar Valves
29
opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle.
Pulmonary Valve
30
opening of the left ventricle into the aorta.
Aortic Valve
31
movement of blood from high blood pressure to low blood pressure.
Blood Flow of the Heart
32
contraction and relaxation of the myocardium, as well as the opening and closing of valves.
Blood flow Controlled by
33
blood enters this from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
right atrium (STEP 1)
34
blood flows from the right atrium into this through the tricuspid valve.
Right Ventricle (STEP 2)
35
blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through
tricuspid valve
36
blood is pumped from the right ventricle into these through the pulmonary valve
Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries (STEP 3)
37
blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries through
pulmonary valve
38
in the lungs, blood loses CO₂ and gains O₂.
Pulmonary Capillaries (STEP 4)
39
oxygenated blood flows back to the heart through the
Pulmonary Veins (STEP 5)
40
blood enters this from the pulmonary veins.
left atrium (STEP 6)
41
blood flows from the left atrium into this through the bicuspid valve
left ventricle (STEP 7)
42
blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the
bicuspid valve
43
blood is pumped from the left ventricle into this through the aortic valve.
Aorta and Systemic Arteries (STEP 8)
44
in the body's, blood loses O₂ and gains CO₂.
Systemic Capillaries (STEP 9)
45
deoxygenated blood returns to this through the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus, completing the cycle.
Right Atrium (STEPP 10)
46
pathway by which blood is supplied to the heart.
Coronary Circulation
47
ascending aorta gives rise to these, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
right and left coronary arteries
48
collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and drains it into the right atrium
Coronary Sin
49
specialized muscle fibers responsible for the heart's rhythm.
1% of Cardiac Muscle Fibers
50
component that maintains the heart's rhythm
Natural Pacemaker
51
set route for action potentials that ensures coordinated contraction of heart muscles.
Conduction System
52
acts as the pacemaker
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
53
relays electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
54
transmits impulses from the AV node to the bundle branches.
Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of His)
55
carry impulses through the interventricular septum
Bundle Branches
56
distribute impulses throughout the ventricles, leading to coordinated contractions.
Purkinje Fibers
57
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers
Components of the Conduction System
58
action potential conduction recorded by electrodes placed on the skin.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
59
atrial depolarization (atrial contraction).
P wave
60
ventricular depolarization
QRS complex
61
downward deflection
Q complex
62
large upright triangular wave
R complex
63
downward wave
S
64
ventricular repolarization (ventricular relaxation)
T wave
65
equals one heartbeat
One Cardiac Cycle
66
two atria contract while the two ventricles relax
Atria and Ventricles
67
phase of contraction
Systole
68
phase of relaxation
Diastole
69
consists of the systole and diastole of both atria plus the systole and diastole of both ventricles
Cardiac Cycle
70
Relaxation Period, Atrial Systol, Ventricular Systole
Three Phases of Cardiac Cycle
71
begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles start to relax, and all four chambers are in diastole.
Relaxation Period
72
contraction of the atria
Atrial Systole
73
contraction of ventricles
Ventricular Systole
74
also known as cardiac output.
Volume of Blood Ejected Per Minute
75
Stroke volume × Heart rate
cardiac output formula
76
Degree of Stretch, Forcefulness of Contraction, and Pressure Required to Eject Blood
Three Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
77
extent to which the heart muscle fibers stretch before contraction (preload).
Degree of Stretch
78
strength of the heart's contraction (contractility)
Forcefulness of Contraction
79
pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood (afterload)
Pressure Required to Eject Blood
80
nervous system regulation of the heart that originates in the cardiovascular (CV) center in the medulla oblongata.
Autonomic Regulation of Heart Rate
81
increase heart rate by stimulating the heart
Cardiac Accelerator Nerves
82
decrease heart rate through parasympathetic stimulation.
Vagus (X) Nerves
83
detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate heart rate.
Baroreceptors
84
detect changes in blood chemical levels (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) and adjust heart rate accordingly.
Chemoreceptors
85
carry blood away from the heart to body tissues. Their walls consist of three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle and an outer layer
Arteries
86
endothelium, smooth muscle and an outer layer
Arteries layers
87
regulates blood flow from arteries into capillaries
Arterioles
88
connect arterioles to venules; exchange vessels
Capillaries
89
similar in structure to arterioles; their walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker as they progress toward the heart
Venules
90
structurally similar to arteries, but their middle and inner layers are thinner. The outer layer of veins is the thickest layer. The lumen of a vein is wider than an artery.
Veins
91
from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure; the greater the pressure difference, the greater the blood flow.
Blood flow
92
greater the pressure difference,
greater the blood flow
93
generated by contraction of the ventricles
Blood Pressure
94
located in the medulla oblongata, it regulates heart rate and stroke volume
Cardiovascular (CV) Center
95
detect changes in body position and movement.
Proprioceptors
96
cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus.
Higher Brain Centers
97
From Higher Brain Centers, Proprioceptors, Baroreceptors, and Chemoreceptors
Input to Cardiovascular Center (nerve impulses)
98
decreases heart rate
Vagus (X) Nerves (Parasympathetic)
99
increases heart rate and contractility
Cardiac Accelerator Nerves (Sympathetic)
100
blood vessels: causes vasoconstriction.
Vasomotor Nerves (Sympathetic)
101
kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to increase B.P
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system
102
sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
103
produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, it causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH
104
atria of heart causes vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
105
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system, Epinephrine and norepinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Hormones that help regulate blood pressure
106
organized into circulatory routes that carry blood throughout the body
Blood Vessels
107
Systemic Circulation and Pulmonary Circulation
Major Circulatory Routes
108
carry blood containing O₂ and nutrients from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries throughout the body
Arteries and Arterioles
109
return blood containing CO₂ and wastes to the right atrium.
Veins and Venules
110
all branch from the aorta, which has four parts: the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta
Systemic Arteries
111
ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta.
Branch of Aorta
112
Vein that return deoxygenated blood to the heart, emptying into the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or the coronary sinus, which then empty into the right atrium.
Systemic Veins
113
takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Pulmonary Circulation
114
distribute blood to various parts of the body and are generally deep.
Arteries
115
drain blood away from various parts of the body. They can be superficial (located just beneath the skin) or deep.
Veins
116
Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid Artery, and Left Subclavian Artery
Three Main Direct Aorta and Its Branch
117
splits into two arteries: the right common carotid artery (which supplies blood to the right side of the head and neck) and the right subclavian artery (which supplies blood to the right arm)
Brachiocephalic Trunk
118
splits into two arteries: the left common carotid artery (which supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck) and the left subclavian artery (which supplies blood to the left arm)
Left Common Carotid Artery
119
divides into basically the same branches with the same names as the right subclavian artery. Supplies blood to the left arm and parts of the thorax
Left Subclavian Artery
120
alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat. It can be felt in any artery near the surface or over hard tissue
Pulse
121
approximately 75 beats per minute
Normal Pulse Rate
122
pressure exerted by blood on the walls of arteries during the cardiac cycle. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer.
Blood Pressure
123
force of blood recorded during ventricular contraction.
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
124
force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation.
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
125
major cause of heart disease and death in older Americans
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
126
condition affecting about 50 million Americans, characterized by persistently high blood pressure. It is the most common disorder affecting the heart and blood vessels and is the major cause of heart failure, kidney disease, and stroke.
Hypertension
127
Congestive heart failure (CHF), and atherosclerosis
increases with age
128
failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O₂ and nutrients to meet metabolic needs.
Shock
129
thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon-like sac. Common causes are atherosclerosis, syphilis, congenital blood vessel defects, and trauma. If untreated, this enlarges and the blood vessel wall becomes so thin that it bursts. The result is massive hemorrhage, severe pain, stroke, or death.
Aneurysm
130
liquid connective tissue composed of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix.
Blood
131
slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.35-7.45
blood pH
132
comprises about 8% of total body weight.
Blood Percentage of Total Body Weight
133
approximately 5-6 liters in males and 4-5 liters in females.
Blood Volume
134
Transportation, Regulation, and Protection
Functions of Blood
135
dissolved substances; less dense; 55%
Blood Plasma
136
cells and cell fragments; more dense; 45%
Blood Formed elements
137
99%
Red blood cells
138
structure that gives rise to the liver, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Yolk Sac
139
highly vascularized connective tissue found in the microscopic spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone tissue.
Red Bone Marrow
140
Also known as erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
141
oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells; responsible for the blood's red color.
Hemoglobin
142
biconcave discs approximately 8 μm in diameter.
Shape and Size
143
Also known as leukocytes. Combat microbes or irritation by inducing phagocytosis or by producing antibodies.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
144
Granular Leukocytes and Agranular Leukocytes
Types of White Blood Cells
145
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
Granular Leukocytes
146
Respond first to bacterial invasion.
Neutrophils
147
Combat inflammation in allergic reactions and are effective against parasitic worms.
Eosinophils
148
Involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions; can liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin.
Basophils
149
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Agranular Leukocytes
150
Include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells; major combatants in immune responses.
Lymphocytes
151
Disc-shaped cell fragments without a nucleus
Platelets
152
precursor cells that give rise to platelets.
Megakaryocytes
153
body's response to prevent leakage of blood and blood products from injured vessels, thereby preventing hemorrhage.
Hemostasis
154
contraction of the smooth muscle wall of injured blood vessels.
Vascular Spasm
155
platelets come together and change their configuration in order to produce a plug that forms over the vessel injury.
Platelet Plug Formation
156
complex process which culminates in the production of fibrin threads
Blood Clotting
157
genetically determined; present in the surface of red blood cells; composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins.
Antigens
158
antigens A and B
ABO blood group
159
contains anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies
Blood plasma
160
Rh+ (with antigen) and Rh- (without antigen)
Rh blood group
