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Anaphy Midterm > Lecture 9 – Blood and Circulatory System > Flashcards

Lecture 9 – Blood and Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

outer fibrous, inner serous

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

part of the pericardium that is divided into two layers

A

Inner Serous Pericardium

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3
Q

Pericardium divided into

A

Outer parietal and Inner visceral

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4
Q

fused to outer fibrous

A

Outer parietal

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5
Q

known as epicardium

A

Inner visceral

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6
Q

consisting of three layers

A

Heart wall

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7
Q

Heart wall layers

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

outermost layer of the heart wall, also known as the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

A

Epicardium

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9
Q

cardiac muscle tissue, bulk of the heart.

A

Myocardium

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10
Q

innermost layer of the heart wall.

A

Endocardium

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11
Q

atria and ventricles

A

Chambers of the Heart

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12
Q

two upper chambers

A

Atria

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13
Q

two lower chambers

A

Ventricles

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14
Q

partition between atria

A

Inter-Atrial Septum

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15
Q

major vessels associated with the heart that transport deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

A

Great Vessels of the Heart

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16
Q

chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

A

Right Atrium

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17
Q

vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium.

A

Superior Vena Cava

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18
Q

vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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19
Q

vessel that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle (myocardium) and empties it into the right atrium.

A

Coronary Sinus

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20
Q

right atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Trunk, Right and Left Pulmonary Artery

A

Deoxygenated Blood Flow in the Heart

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21
Q

from lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid (mitral) valve, left ventricle, and ascending aorta

A

oxygenated Blood Flow in the Heart

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22
Q

prevents backflow of blood

A

Valves of the Heart

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23
Q

tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve

A

Valves of the Heart

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24
Q

located between the atrium and ventricle.

A

Atrioventricular Valves

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25
Q

lies between the right atrium and right ventricle.

A

Tricuspid Valve

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26
Q

lies between the left atrium and left ventricle.

A

Bicuspid Valve

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27
Q

allow blood to be pumped forward into the arteries, but prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.

A

Semilunar Valves

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28
Q

pulmonary valve and aortic valve

A

Semilunar Valves

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29
Q

opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle.

A

Pulmonary Valve

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30
Q

opening of the left ventricle into the aorta.

A

Aortic Valve

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31
Q

movement of blood from high blood pressure to low blood pressure.

A

Blood Flow of the Heart

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32
Q

contraction and relaxation of the myocardium, as well as the opening and closing of valves.

A

Blood flow Controlled by

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33
Q

blood enters this from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

A

right atrium (STEP 1)

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34
Q

blood flows from the right atrium into this through the tricuspid valve.

A

Right Ventricle (STEP 2)

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35
Q

blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through

A

tricuspid valve

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36
Q

blood is pumped from the right ventricle into these through the pulmonary valve

A

Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries (STEP 3)

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37
Q

blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries through

A

pulmonary valve

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38
Q

in the lungs, blood loses CO₂ and gains O₂.

A

Pulmonary Capillaries (STEP 4)

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39
Q

oxygenated blood flows back to the heart through the

A

Pulmonary Veins (STEP 5)

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40
Q

blood enters this from the pulmonary veins.

A

left atrium (STEP 6)

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41
Q

blood flows from the left atrium into this through the bicuspid valve

A

left ventricle (STEP 7)

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42
Q

blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the

A

bicuspid valve

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43
Q

blood is pumped from the left ventricle into this through the aortic valve.

A

Aorta and Systemic Arteries (STEP 8)

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44
Q

in the body’s, blood loses O₂ and gains CO₂.

A

Systemic Capillaries (STEP 9)

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45
Q

deoxygenated blood returns to this through the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus, completing the cycle.

A

Right Atrium (STEPP 10)

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46
Q

pathway by which blood is supplied to the heart.

A

Coronary Circulation

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47
Q

ascending aorta gives rise to these, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

A

right and left coronary arteries

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48
Q

collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and drains it into the right atrium

A

Coronary Sin

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49
Q

specialized muscle fibers responsible for the heart’s rhythm.

A

1% of Cardiac Muscle Fibers

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50
Q

component that maintains the heart’s rhythm

A

Natural Pacemaker

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51
Q

set route for action potentials that ensures coordinated contraction of heart muscles.

A

Conduction System

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52
Q

acts as the pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

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53
Q

relays electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

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54
Q

transmits impulses from the AV node to the bundle branches.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of His)

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55
Q

carry impulses through the interventricular septum

A

Bundle Branches

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56
Q

distribute impulses throughout the ventricles, leading to coordinated contractions.

A

Purkinje Fibers

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57
Q

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers

A

Components of the Conduction System

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58
Q

action potential conduction recorded by electrodes placed on the skin.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

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59
Q

atrial depolarization (atrial contraction).

A

P wave

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60
Q

ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

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61
Q

downward deflection

A

Q complex

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62
Q

large upright triangular wave

A

R complex

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63
Q

downward wave

A

S

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64
Q

ventricular repolarization (ventricular relaxation)

A

T wave

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65
Q

equals one heartbeat

A

One Cardiac Cycle

66
Q

two atria contract while the two ventricles relax

A

Atria and Ventricles

67
Q

phase of contraction

A

Systole

68
Q

phase of relaxation

A

Diastole

69
Q

consists of the systole and diastole of both atria plus the systole and diastole of both ventricles

A

Cardiac Cycle

70
Q

Relaxation Period, Atrial Systol, Ventricular Systole

A

Three Phases of Cardiac Cycle

71
Q

begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles start to relax, and all four chambers are in diastole.

A

Relaxation Period

72
Q

contraction of the atria

A

Atrial Systole

73
Q

contraction of ventricles

A

Ventricular Systole

74
Q

also known as cardiac output.

A

Volume of Blood Ejected Per Minute

75
Q

Stroke volume × Heart rate

A

cardiac output formula

76
Q

Degree of Stretch, Forcefulness of Contraction, and Pressure Required to Eject Blood

A

Three Factors Affecting Cardiac Output

77
Q

extent to which the heart muscle fibers stretch before contraction (preload).

A

Degree of Stretch

78
Q

strength of the heart’s contraction (contractility)

A

Forcefulness of Contraction

79
Q

pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood (afterload)

A

Pressure Required to Eject Blood

80
Q

nervous system regulation of the heart that originates in the cardiovascular (CV) center in the medulla oblongata.

A

Autonomic Regulation of Heart Rate

81
Q

increase heart rate by stimulating the heart

A

Cardiac Accelerator Nerves

82
Q

decrease heart rate through parasympathetic stimulation.

A

Vagus (X) Nerves

83
Q

detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate heart rate.

A

Baroreceptors

84
Q

detect changes in blood chemical levels (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide) and adjust heart rate accordingly.

A

Chemoreceptors

85
Q

carry blood away from the heart to body tissues. Their walls consist of three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle and an outer layer

A

Arteries

86
Q

endothelium, smooth muscle and an outer layer

A

Arteries layers

87
Q

regulates blood flow from arteries into capillaries

A

Arterioles

88
Q

connect arterioles to venules; exchange vessels

A

Capillaries

89
Q

similar in structure to arterioles; their walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker as they progress toward the heart

A

Venules

90
Q

structurally similar to arteries, but their middle and inner layers are thinner. The outer layer of veins is the thickest layer. The lumen of a vein is wider than an artery.

A

Veins

91
Q

from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure; the greater the pressure difference, the greater the blood flow.

A

Blood flow

92
Q

greater the pressure difference,

A

greater the blood flow

93
Q

generated by contraction of the ventricles

A

Blood Pressure

94
Q

located in the medulla oblongata, it regulates heart rate and stroke volume

A

Cardiovascular (CV) Center

95
Q

detect changes in body position and movement.

A

Proprioceptors

96
Q

cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus.

A

Higher Brain Centers

97
Q

From Higher Brain Centers, Proprioceptors, Baroreceptors, and Chemoreceptors

A

Input to Cardiovascular Center (nerve impulses)

98
Q

decreases heart rate

A

Vagus (X) Nerves (Parasympathetic)

99
Q

increases heart rate and contractility

A

Cardiac Accelerator Nerves (Sympathetic)

100
Q

blood vessels: causes vasoconstriction.

A

Vasomotor Nerves (Sympathetic)

101
Q

kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to increase B.P

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system

102
Q

sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

103
Q

produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, it causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH

104
Q

atria of heart causes vasodilation and lower blood pressure.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

105
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system, Epinephrine and norepinephrine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Hormones that help regulate blood pressure

106
Q

organized into circulatory routes that carry blood throughout the body

A

Blood Vessels

107
Q

Systemic Circulation and Pulmonary Circulation

A

Major Circulatory Routes

108
Q

carry blood containing O₂ and nutrients from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries throughout the body

A

Arteries and Arterioles

109
Q

return blood containing CO₂ and wastes to the right atrium.

A

Veins and Venules

110
Q

all branch from the aorta, which has four parts: the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta

A

Systemic Arteries

111
Q

ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta.

A

Branch of Aorta

112
Q

Vein that return deoxygenated blood to the heart, emptying into the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or the coronary sinus, which then empty into the right atrium.

A

Systemic Veins

113
Q

takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

114
Q

distribute blood to various parts of the body and are generally deep.

A

Arteries

115
Q

drain blood away from various parts of the body. They can be superficial (located just beneath the skin) or deep.

A

Veins

116
Q

Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid Artery, and Left Subclavian Artery

A

Three Main Direct Aorta and Its Branch

117
Q

splits into two arteries: the right common carotid artery (which supplies blood to the right side of the head and neck) and the right subclavian artery (which supplies blood to the right arm)

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk

118
Q

splits into two arteries: the left common carotid artery (which supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck) and the left subclavian artery (which supplies blood to the left arm)

A

Left Common Carotid Artery

119
Q

divides into basically the same branches with the same names as the right subclavian artery. Supplies blood to the left arm and parts of the thorax

A

Left Subclavian Artery

120
Q

alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat. It can be felt in any artery near the surface or over hard tissue

A

Pulse

121
Q

approximately 75 beats per minute

A

Normal Pulse Rate

122
Q

pressure exerted by blood on the walls of arteries during the cardiac cycle. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer.

A

Blood Pressure

123
Q

force of blood recorded during ventricular contraction.

A

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

124
Q

force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation.

A

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

125
Q

major cause of heart disease and death in older Americans

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

126
Q

condition affecting about 50 million Americans, characterized by persistently high blood pressure. It is the most common disorder affecting the heart and blood vessels and is the major cause of heart failure, kidney disease, and stroke.

A

Hypertension

127
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF), and atherosclerosis

A

increases with age

128
Q

failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O₂ and nutrients to meet metabolic needs.

A

Shock

129
Q

thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon-like sac. Common causes are atherosclerosis, syphilis, congenital blood vessel defects, and trauma. If untreated, this enlarges and the blood vessel wall becomes so thin that it bursts. The result is massive hemorrhage, severe pain, stroke, or death.

A

Aneurysm

130
Q

liquid connective tissue composed of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix.

A

Blood

131
Q

slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.35-7.45

A

blood pH

132
Q

comprises about 8% of total body weight.

A

Blood Percentage of Total Body Weight

133
Q

approximately 5-6 liters in males and 4-5 liters in females.

A

Blood Volume

134
Q

Transportation, Regulation, and Protection

A

Functions of Blood

135
Q

dissolved substances; less dense; 55%

A

Blood Plasma

136
Q

cells and cell fragments; more dense; 45%

A

Blood Formed elements

137
Q

99%

A

Red blood cells

138
Q

structure that gives rise to the liver, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.

A

Yolk Sac

139
Q

highly vascularized connective tissue found in the microscopic spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone tissue.

A

Red Bone Marrow

140
Q

Also known as erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

141
Q

oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells; responsible for the blood’s red color.

A

Hemoglobin

142
Q

biconcave discs approximately 8 μm in diameter.

A

Shape and Size

143
Q

Also known as leukocytes. Combat microbes or irritation by inducing phagocytosis or by producing antibodies.

A

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

144
Q

Granular Leukocytes and Agranular Leukocytes

A

Types of White Blood Cells

145
Q

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

A

Granular Leukocytes

146
Q

Respond first to bacterial invasion.

A

Neutrophils

147
Q

Combat inflammation in allergic reactions and are effective against parasitic worms.

A

Eosinophils

148
Q

Involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions; can liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin.

A

Basophils

149
Q

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

A

Agranular Leukocytes

150
Q

Include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells; major combatants in immune responses.

A

Lymphocytes

151
Q

Disc-shaped cell fragments without a nucleus

A

Platelets

152
Q

precursor cells that give rise to platelets.

A

Megakaryocytes

153
Q

body’s response to prevent leakage of blood and blood products from injured vessels, thereby preventing hemorrhage.

A

Hemostasis

154
Q

contraction of the smooth muscle wall of injured blood vessels.

A

Vascular Spasm

155
Q

platelets come together and change their configuration in order to produce a plug that forms over the vessel injury.

A

Platelet Plug Formation

156
Q

complex process which culminates in the production of fibrin threads

A

Blood Clotting

157
Q

genetically determined; present in the surface of red blood cells; composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins.

A

Antigens

158
Q

antigens A and B

A

ABO blood group

159
Q

contains anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies

A

Blood plasma

160
Q

Rh+ (with antigen) and Rh- (without antigen)

A

Rh blood group

Anaphy Midterm (5 decks)

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