Lecture 6 – Somatic and Special Senses

Question 1

Olfaction

Answer 1

Sense of Smell

Question 2

receptors for olfaction and the olfactory pathway to the brain.

Answer 2

Olfaction (sense of smell)

Question 3

Gustation

Answer 3

Sense of Taste

Question 4

receptors for gustation and the gustatory pathway to the brain.

Answer 4

Gustation (sense of taste)

Question 5

accessory structures of the eye, the layers of the eyeball, the lens, the interior of the eyeball, image formation, and binocular vision. It describes the receptors for vision and the visual pathway to the brain.

Answer 5

Vision

Question 6

structures of the external, middle, and internal ear. It describes the receptors for hearing and equilibrium and outline their pathways to the brain.

Answer 6

Hearing and Equilibrium

Question 7

Somatic senses and Visceral senses

Answer 7

General Senses

Question 8

Tactile (touch, pressure, vibration); Thermal (warm and cold); Pain; Proprioceptive

Answer 8

Somatic senses

Question 9

conditions within internal organs

Answer 9

Visceral senses

Question 10

Smell, Taste, Vision, Hearing, and Equilibrium (balance)

Answer 10

Special Senses

Question 11

conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.

Answer 11

Sensation

Question 12

Must satisfy the four conditions

Answer 12

Sensation

Question 13

stimulus getting to the brain

Answer 13

Sensation

Question 14

1. Stimulus must occur and activate a receptor. 2. Receptor must convert the stimulus into nerve impulses. 3. Nerve impulse must be conducted to the brain. 4. Brain must receive and integrate the nerve impulses into a SENSATION.

Answer 14

FOUR Conditions for SENSATION to Occur

Question 15

conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex

Answer 15

Perception

Question 16

how the cerebral cortex interprets the sensation

Answer 16

Perception

Question 17

Characteristic of MOST sensory receptors

Answer 17

Adaptation

Question 18

Decrease in the strength of sensation during prolonged stimulus because of decrease in responsiveness of receptors.

Answer 18

Adaptation

Question 19

Perception of a sensation may _____________ even though the stimulus persists.

Answer 19

fade or disappear

Question 20

Rapidly Adapting and Slowly Adapting

Answer 20

Two Variations of Adaptation

Question 21

pressure, touch, smell

Answer 21

Rapidly Adapting

Question 22

pain, body position, chemical composition of the blood

Answer 22

Slowly Adapting

Question 23

detect mechanical pressure; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, and hearing and equilibrium; also monitor stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

Answer 23

Mechanoreceptors

Question 24

detect changes in temperature.

Answer 24

Thermoreceptors

Question 25

respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

Answer 25

Nociceptors

Question 26

detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

Answer 26

Photoreceptors

Question 27

detect chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids

Answer 27

Chemoreceptors

Question 28

sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids

Answer 28

Osmoreceptors

Question 29

allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them.

Answer 29

Proprioceptive Sensation

Question 30

the eye and its disorders

Answer 30

Ophthalmology

Question 31

the science that deals with the ears, nose, and throat and their disorders.

Answer 31

Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

Question 32

where gustatory receptor cells are located.

Answer 32

Taste Buds

Question 33

substance to be tasted

Answer 33

Dissolved in Saliva

Question 34

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami.

Answer 34

Five Primary Tastes

Question 35

taste receptors are located

Answer 35

Taste buds

Question 36

taste buds are located

Answer 36

Tongue Papillae

Question 37

found 10,000 taste buds

Answer 37

Tongue

Question 38

pharynx, epiglottis

Answer 38

Roof of the Mouth

Question 39

about 12 that contain 100- 300 taste buds

Answer 39

Vallate papillae

Question 40

scattered over the tongue with about 5 taste buds each

Answer 40

Fungiform papillae

Question 41

located in lateral trenches of the tongue—most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood.

Answer 41

Foliate papillae

Question 42

cover the entire surface of the tongue. Contain tactile receptors but no taste buds.

Answer 42

Filiform papillae

Question 43

dissolved in the saliva and enter taste pores.

Answer 43

Tastant

Question 44

shade the eyes during sleep, protect the eyes from excessive light and foreign objects, and spread lubricating secretions over the eyeballs.

Answer 44

Upper And Lower Eyelids or Palpebrae

Question 45

more movable than the lower and contains in its superior region the levator palpebrae superioris muscle.

Answer 45

Upper Eyelid

Question 46

space between the upper and lower eyelids that exposes the eyeball.

Answer 46

Palpebral Fissure

Question 47

narrower and closer to the temporal bone

Answer 47

Lateral Commissure

Question 48

broader and nearer the nasal bone

Answer 48

Medial Commissure

Question 49

contains sebaceous (oil) glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands. The whitish material that sometimes collects in the medial commissure comes from these glands.

Answer 49

Lacrimal Caruncle

Question 50

thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids.

Answer 50

Tarsal Plate

Question 51

is a thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera.

Answer 51

Conjunctiva

Question 52

cornea and sclera

Answer 52

Fibrous Tunic

Question 53

choroid, ciliary body and iris

Answer 53

Vascular Tunic

Question 54

colored portion of the eyeball and controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes.

Answer 54

Iris

Question 55

Inner coat of the eyeball and beginning of the visual pathway

Answer 55

Retina

Question 56

Pigmented layer and Photoreceptors

Answer 56

2 layers of Retina

Question 57

Contains melanin and Absorbs stray light

Answer 57

Pigmented layer

Question 58

Rods and Cones

Answer 58

Photoreceptors

Question 59

shades of gray in dim light; 120 million; absent in fovea, more numerous in the periphery of the retina; 6-600 : 1 bipolar cell

Answer 59

Rods

Question 60

stimulated by brighter light; highly acute color vision; blue, green, red cones; 6 million; most dense in fovea centralis (area of highest visual acuity); 1:1 bipolar cell higher acuity

Answer 60

Cones

Question 61

Divided into an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber by the iris (colored portion of the eyeball).

Answer 61

Anterior Cavity

Question 62

Both chambers are filled with aqueous humor (a clear, watery liquid)

Answer 62

Anterior Cavity

Question 63

Aka vitreous chamber

Answer 63

Posterior Cavity

Question 64

Filled with vitreous humor (transparent, gelatinous substance)

Answer 64

Posterior Cavity

Question 65

focus image on the retina

Answer 65

Cornea and Lens

Question 66

total refraction occurs at the cornea

Answer 66

75%

Question 67

further refracts the light rays so that they come into exact focus on the retina

Answer 67

lens

Question 68

Images focused on the retina are inverted and right-to-left reversed due to

Answer 68

refraction

Question 69

The brain corrects the

Answer 69

image

Question 70

to properly focus the object.

Answer 70

lens must accommodate

Question 71

site of sharpest vision

Answer 71

Central fovea

Question 72

refract light correctly and focus a clear image on the retina.

Answer 72

Normal (Emmetropic eye)

Question 73

Emmetropic eye

Answer 73

Normal eye

Question 74

sufficiently refract light rays from an object 6 m (20 ft)

Answer 74

Normal (Emmetropic eye)

Question 75

near sightedness

Answer 75

Myopia

Question 76

eyeball is longer than it should be and the image converges (narrows down to a sharp focal point) in front of the retina.

Answer 76

Myopia

Question 77

people see close objects better

Answer 77

Myopia

Question 78

concave lens is used to correct the vision

Answer 78

Myopia

Question 79

farsightedness, hypermetropia

Answer 79

Hyperopia

Question 80

eyeball is shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina.

Answer 80

Hyperopia

Question 81

individuals can see distant objects better

Answer 81

Hyperopia

Question 82

convex lens is used to correct this abnormality

Answer 82

Hyperopia

Question 83

lens use in Myopia and Hyperopia

Answer 83

Concave and Convex lens

Question 84

irregular curvature. Condition where either the cornea or the lens (or both) has an irregular curve and causes blurred or distorted vision

Answer 84

Astigmatism

Question 85

auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane (eardrum).

Answer 85

External ear

Question 86

captures sound

Answer 86

auricle

Question 87

transmits sound to the eardrum

Answer 87

external auditory canal

Question 88

secrete cerumen (earwax) to protect the canal and eardrum

Answer 88

ceruminous glands

Question 89

auditory (eustachian) tube, ossicles, and oval window

Answer 89

Middle ear

Question 90

malleus, incus, stapes

Answer 90

3 auditory ossicles

Question 91

transmitted from the eardrum through these 3 bones to the oval window into which the stapes fits.

Answer 91

sound vibrations

Question 92

extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx to regulate air pressure in the middle ear

Answer 92

eustachian tube

Question 93

AKA Bony labyrinth and Membranous labyrinth.

Answer 93

Internal ear

Question 94

contains the spiral organ (organ of corti), the organ of hearing.

Answer 94

Internal ear

Question 95

translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound.

Answer 95

Cochlea

Question 96

contains utricle and saccule

Answer 96

Vestibule

Question 97

work with the cerebellum for balance and equilibrium

Answer 97

Semicircular canals

Question 98

Utricle and Saccule

Answer 98

Static Equilibrium

Question 99

linear horizontal motion

Answer 99

Utricle

Question 100

linear vertical motion

Answer 100

Saccule

Question 101

Semicircular Canals and rotational acceleration or deceleration

Answer 101

Dynamic Equilibrium