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Anaphy Midterm > Lecture 8 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the lungs and a series of passages.

A

Respiratory System

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2
Q

Intake of oxygen by blood and elimination of carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory System Function

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3
Q

Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment occur only in the ___ of the lungs.

A

alveoli

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4
Q

Includes passageways from the nose to the larynx.

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

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5
Q

Includes passageways from the trachea to the alveoli

A

Lower Respiratory Tract

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6
Q

Purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air.

A

Passageways to the Lungs

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7
Q

only part of the respiratory system visible externally.

A

Nose

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8
Q

route through which air enters the nose.

A

Nostrils (Nares)

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9
Q

interior of the nose

A

Nasal Cavity

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10
Q

Divides the nasal cavity

A

Nasal Septum

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11
Q

Located in the mucosa on the superior surface of the nasal cavity.

A

Olfactory Receptors

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12
Q

Lines the rest of the respiratory epithelium

A

Respiratory Mucosa

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13
Q
  • Moistens air
  • traps incoming foreign particles
  • contains enzymes in the mucus that chemically destroy bacteria
A

Respiratory Mucosa Functions

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14
Q

Projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

A

Conchae

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15
Q
  • Increase surface area.
  • increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
  • increase trapping of inhaled particles
A

Conchae Functions

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16
Q

Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

A

Palate

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17
Q

Anterior portion, supported by bone.

A

Hard Palate

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18
Q

Posterior portion, unsupported by bone.

A

Soft Palate

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19
Q

Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity.

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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20
Q
  • Lighten the skull
    -act as resonance chambers for speech
    -produce mucus
A

Paranasal Sinuses Functions

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21
Q

Most dilated, anterior portion of the nasal cavity, lined by stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium.

A

Vestibule

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22
Q

Contains olfactory mucosa (olfactory epithelium) located at the roof of the nasal fossa, the receptor organ for smell.

A

Olfactory Region

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23
Q

Lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, with a thick basement membrane.

A

Respiratory Region

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24
Q

Commonly called the throat, it is a muscular passageway from the nasal cavity to the larynx, continuous with the posterior nasal aperture

A

Pharynx

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25
Q

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

A

Regions of the Pharynx

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26
Q

Superior region behind the nasal cavity.

A

Nasopharynx

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27
Q

Middle region behind the mouth.

A

Oropharynx

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28
Q

Inferior region attached to the larynx.

A

Laryngopharynx

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29
Q

Serve as common passageways for air and food.

A

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

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30
Q

Routes food into the posterior tube, the esophagus.

A

Epiglottis

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31
Q

Open into the nasopharynx and drain the middle ear.

A

Pharyngotympanic Tubes

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32
Q

Clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role in protecting the body from infection.

A

Tonsils

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33
Q

A single tonsil located in the nasopharynx.

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoid)

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34
Q

Two tonsils located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate.

A

Palatine Tonsils

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35
Q

Two tonsils found at the base of the tongue.

A

Lingual Tonsils

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36
Q

Commonly called the voice box

A

Larynx

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37
Q

Located in Inferior to the pharynx

A

Voice Box (Larynx) location

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38
Q

with the thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) being the largest.

A

Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages

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39
Q

Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage that protects the superior opening of the larynx.

A

Epiglottis

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40
Q
  • Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea.
A

Epiglottis Functions

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41
Q

Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule), Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle), and Lower (Vocal Cords)

A

Laryngeal Regions

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42
Q

Extends from the laryngeal inlet above to the vestibular folds below.

A

Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule)

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43
Q

Between the vestibular folds above and the true vocal cords below.

A

Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle)

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44
Q

Contains the vocalis muscles and vocalis ligament.

A

Lower (Vocal Cords)

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45
Q

Made of two pairs of folds between the ventricles:

A

Mucosa

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46
Q

Upper part lined with respiratory epithelium.

A

False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Folds)

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47
Q

Lower part lined with stratified squamous noncornified epithelium

A

True Vocal Cords (Vocal Folds)

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48
Q

The cartilages that make up the larynx

A

Laryngeal Cartilages

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49
Q

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

A

Paired Cartilages

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50
Q

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

A

Unpaired Cartilages

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51
Q

Control vocal cord movement

A

Arytenoid Cartilages

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52
Q

Small cartilages on top of arytenoids.

A

Corniculate Cartilages

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53
Q

Small cartilages in the laryngeal mucosa.

A

Cuneiform Cartilages

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54
Q

Largest cartilage, forms the front of the larynx (Adam’s apple).

A

Thyroid Cartilage

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55
Q

Ring-shaped cartilage below the thyroid.

A

Cricoid Cartilage

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56
Q

Spoon-shaped cartilage that protects the larynx opening

A

Epiglottis

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57
Q

Commonly called the windpipe, it is a 4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx.

A

Trachea

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58
Q

walls are reinforced with Cshaped rings of hyaline cartilage, which keep the trachea patent (open).

A

Trachea Structure

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59
Q

thin-walled tube that bifurcates into two primary bronchi

A

Trachea

60
Q

Formed by the division of the trachea.

A

Main Bronchi

61
Q

Each bronchus enters the lung at the hilum (medial depression)

A

Hilum

62
Q

Wider, shorter, and straighter than the left bronchus.

A

Right Bronchus

63
Q

Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches.

A

Subdivision of Bronchi

64
Q

Occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the central mediastinum.

A

Lungs

65
Q

apex of each lung is near the _____ (superior portion)

A

clavicle

66
Q

base rests on the diaphragm

A

Base of lungs

67
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures

A

Lobes of lungs

68
Q

Contains two lobes

A

Left Lung

69
Q

Contains three lobes

A

Right Lung

70
Q

Covers the outer surface of the lungs

A

Serosa

71
Q

Covers the lung surface.

A

Pulmonary (Visceral) Pleura

72
Q

Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.

A

Parietal Pleura

73
Q

Fills the area between layers, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax and decreasing friction during breathing.

A

Pleural Fluid

74
Q

The area between the layers, more of a potential space.

A

Pleural Space

75
Q

The network of branching passageways formed by the subdivision of main bronchi into smaller branches

A

Bronchial Tre

76
Q

All but the smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls

A

Reinforcing Cartilage

77
Q

Serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone.

A

Conduits

78
Q

smallest conducting passageways

A

Bronchioles

79
Q

Branching airways that lead to the lungs

A

Bronchi

80
Q

Portion of the main bronchus that is outside the lungs.

A

Extrapulmonary

81
Q

Enters the root of the lungs

A

Main Bronchus

82
Q

next division after the main bronchus.

A

Secondary Bronchi

83
Q

Lined with respiratory epithelium.

A

Left Bronchus

84
Q

portion of the bronchi that is within the lungs.

A

Intrapulmonary

85
Q

Small airway passages, 1 mm or less in diameter

A

Bronchioles

86
Q

Air passages with a diameter of 0.5 mm or less

A

Terminal Bronchioles

87
Q

Air passages lined with simple non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium.

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

88
Q

Thin-walled tubes with discontinuous walls giving off branches; lined with simple squamous epithelium.

A

Alveolar Ducts

89
Q

Thin-walled outpocketings, clusters of two or more alveoli; lined with simple squamous epithelium.

A

Alveolar Sacs

90
Q

Communication between an alveolar duct and an alveolar sac

A

Atrium

91
Q

Thin-walled outpocketings lining alveolar sacs, ducts, and respiratory bronchioles; site for gas exchange between blood and air; considered the most important lung component.

A

Pulmonary Alveoli

92
Q

Small Alveolar Cells / Pneumocyte Type I

A

Type I Alveolar Cells

93
Q

Squamous or flattened cells that form the vast majority of the alveolar surfaces, have junctional attachments laterally with each other or with Type II alveolar cells, and are involved in gas exchange.

A

Type I Alveolar Cells

94
Q

Great Alveolar Cells / Septal Cells / Pneumocyte Type II

A

Type II Alveolar Cells

95
Q

Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant which lowers the surface tension and contain secretory granules at their supranuclear portion.

A

Type II Alveolar Cells

96
Q

Lead into respiratory zone structures and terminate in alveoli.

A

Terminal Bronchioles

97
Q

Includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli (air sacs), which are the only site of gas exchange

A

Respiratory Zone

98
Q

Include all other passageways in the respiratory system.

A

Conducting Zone Structures

99
Q

Alveolar septum where gases must pass in exchange between the air and blood.

A

Blood-Air Barrier

100
Q

Alveolar Epithelium, Interstitial Space, Capillary Endothelium

A

Three Layers of the Blood-Air Barrier

101
Q

Innermost layer that lines the alveoli.

A

Alveolar Epithelium

102
Q

Space between the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium.

A

Interstitial Space

103
Q

Outermost layer that lines the blood vessels within the alveolar septum.

A

Capillary Endothelium

104
Q

Free phagocytic cells that contain particles of dust, also known as dust cells.

A

Alveolar Macrophages

105
Q

In congestion, alveolar macrophages become filled with this, and referred to as heart failure cells

A

Hemosiderin Pigments

106
Q

Granules resulting from the phagocytosis and degeneration of blood pigments.

A

Heart Failure Cells

107
Q

Structures that include alveoli, which are composed largely of simple squamous epithelial cells.

A

Respiratory Zone Structures

108
Q

Connect neighboring air sacs

A

Alveolar Pores

109
Q

Cover the external surfaces of alveoli.

A

Pulmonary Capillaries

110
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing), External Respiration, Respiratory Gas Transport, Internal Respiration

A

Four Distinct Events of Respiration

111
Q

Moving air in and out of the lungs.

A

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

112
Q

Gas exchange between Pulmonary Blood and Alveoli.

A

External Respiration

113
Q

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide via Bloodstream.

A

Respiratory Gas Transport

114
Q

Gas Exchange between Blood and Tissue Cells in Systemic Capillaries.

A

Internal Respiration

115
Q

Mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity.

A

Pulmonary ventilation

116
Q

Inspiration (inhalation) and Expiration (exhalation)

A

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation

117
Q

Phase in which the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.

A

Inspiration (inhalation)

118
Q

Increases during inspiration.

A

Intrapulmonary volume

119
Q

Decreases during inspiration.

A

Gas pressure

120
Q

Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.

A

Expiration (exhalation)

121
Q

Decreases during expiration

A

Intrapulmonary volume

122
Q

Increases during expiration

A

Gas pressure

123
Q

pressure within the pleural space is always negative

A

Intrapleural pressure

124
Q

Measurement of the amount of air in the lungs during various phases of the respiratory cycle.

A

Respiratory volumes and capacities

125
Q

Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing air superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then, glottis opens suddenly, and a blast of air rushes upward. Coughs act to clear the lower respiratory passageways

A

Cough (Clears Lungs of Debris)

126
Q

Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is directed through nasal cavities instead of through the oral cavity. The uvula, a dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes, routing air through nasal cavities. Sneezes clear upper respiratory passages

A

Sneeze

127
Q

Inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism.

A

Crying

128
Q

Essentially the same as crying in terms of the air movements produced. Also an emotionally induced response.

A

Laughing

129
Q

Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of the diaphragm; initiated by irritation of the diaphragm or phrenic nerves, which serve the diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of the closed glottis.

A

Hiccups

130
Q

Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapsed during normal quiet breathing).

A

Yawn

131
Q

Sounds monitored with a stethoscope.

A

Respiratory sounds

132
Q

Produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi.

A

Bronchial sounds

133
Q

Soft sounds of air filling alveoli.

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

134
Q

Occur as a result of diffusion

A

Gas exchanges

135
Q

Exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange).

A

External Respiration

136
Q

Exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange).

A

Internal Respiration

137
Q

12 to 15 Respirations Per Minute

A

Normal Respiratory Rate (Eupnea)

138
Q

Increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs.

A

Hyperpnea

139
Q

A progressive lung disease exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

140
Q

A condition where the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed, leading to excessive mucus production that impairs ventilation and gas exchange. Patients become cyanotic and are sometimes called “blue bloaters” due to chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention

A

Chronic bronchitis

141
Q

A condition characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls, leading to enlarged remaining alveoli. Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, causing a loss of elasticity. Patients expend a large amount of energy to exhale, with some air remaining in the lungs. Sufferers are often referred to as “pink puffers” because oxygen exchange is efficient. Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest, with cyanosis appearing late in the disease.

A

Emphysema

142
Q

Leading cause of cancer death for men and women, with nearly 90 percent of cases resulting from smoking. It is an aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly.

A

Lung cancer

143
Q
  1. Adenocarcinoma
A

Lung cancer Three Common Types

144
Q

Lungs do not fully inflate until 2 weeks after birth; this change from nonfunctional to functional respiration depends on surfactant

A

Lung inflation after birth

145
Q

Substance that lowers surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing. Surfactant is formed late in pregnancy, around 28 to 30 weeks

A

Surfactant

146
Q

A condition characterized by chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages that respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing. It can be managed with a bronchodilator.

A

Bronchial asthma

Anaphy Midterm (5 decks)

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