Lecture 8 - Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Consists of the lungs and a series of passages.
A
Respiratory System
2
Q
Intake of oxygen by blood and elimination of carbon dioxide
A
Respiratory System Function
3
Q
Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment occur only in the ___ of the lungs.
A
alveoli
4
Q
Includes passageways from the nose to the larynx.
A
Upper Respiratory Tract
5
Q
Includes passageways from the trachea to the alveoli
A
Lower Respiratory Tract
6
Q
Purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air.
A
Passageways to the Lungs
7
Q
only part of the respiratory system visible externally.
A
Nose
8
Q
route through which air enters the nose.
A
Nostrils (Nares)
9
Q
interior of the nose
A
Nasal Cavity
10
Q
Divides the nasal cavity
A
Nasal Septum
11
Q
Located in the mucosa on the superior surface of the nasal cavity.
A
Olfactory Receptors
12
Q
Lines the rest of the respiratory epithelium
A
Respiratory Mucosa
13
Q
- Moistens air
- traps incoming foreign particles
- contains enzymes in the mucus that chemically destroy bacteria
A
Respiratory Mucosa Functions
14
Q
Projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
A
Conchae
15
Q
- Increase surface area.
- increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
- increase trapping of inhaled particles
A
Conchae Functions
16
Q
Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
A
Palate
17
Q
Anterior portion, supported by bone.
A
Hard Palate
18
Q
Posterior portion, unsupported by bone.
A
Soft Palate
19
Q
Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
A
Paranasal Sinuses
20
Q
- Lighten the skull
-act as resonance chambers for speech
-produce mucus
A
Paranasal Sinuses Functions
21
Q
Most dilated, anterior portion of the nasal cavity, lined by stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium.
A
Vestibule
22
Q
Contains olfactory mucosa (olfactory epithelium) located at the roof of the nasal fossa, the receptor organ for smell.
A
Olfactory Region
23
Q
Lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, with a thick basement membrane.
A
Respiratory Region
24
Q
Commonly called the throat, it is a muscular passageway from the nasal cavity to the larynx, continuous with the posterior nasal aperture
A
Pharynx
25
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Regions of the Pharynx
26
Superior region behind the nasal cavity.
Nasopharynx
27
Middle region behind the mouth.
Oropharynx
28
Inferior region attached to the larynx.
Laryngopharynx
29
Serve as common passageways for air and food.
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
30
Routes food into the posterior tube, the esophagus.
Epiglottis
31
Open into the nasopharynx and drain the middle ear.
Pharyngotympanic Tubes
32
Clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role in protecting the body from infection.
Tonsils
33
A single tonsil located in the nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoid)
34
Two tonsils located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate.
Palatine Tonsils
35
Two tonsils found at the base of the tongue.
Lingual Tonsils
36
Commonly called the voice box
Larynx
37
Located in Inferior to the pharynx
Voice Box (Larynx) location
38
with the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) being the largest.
Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages
39
Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage that protects the superior opening of the larynx.
Epiglottis
40
- Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea.
Epiglottis Functions
41
Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule), Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle), and Lower (Vocal Cords)
Laryngeal Regions
42
Extends from the laryngeal inlet above to the vestibular folds below.
Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule)
43
Between the vestibular folds above and the true vocal cords below.
Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle)
44
Contains the vocalis muscles and vocalis ligament.
Lower (Vocal Cords)
45
Made of two pairs of folds between the ventricles:
Mucosa
46
Upper part lined with respiratory epithelium.
False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Folds)
47
Lower part lined with stratified squamous noncornified epithelium
True Vocal Cords (Vocal Folds)
48
The cartilages that make up the larynx
Laryngeal Cartilages
49
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
Paired Cartilages
50
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
Unpaired Cartilages
51
Control vocal cord movement
Arytenoid Cartilages
52
Small cartilages on top of arytenoids.
Corniculate Cartilages
53
Small cartilages in the laryngeal mucosa.
Cuneiform Cartilages
54
Largest cartilage, forms the front of the larynx (Adam's apple).
Thyroid Cartilage
55
Ring-shaped cartilage below the thyroid.
Cricoid Cartilage
56
Spoon-shaped cartilage that protects the larynx opening
Epiglottis
57
Commonly called the windpipe, it is a 4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx.
Trachea
58
walls are reinforced with Cshaped rings of hyaline cartilage, which keep the trachea patent (open).
Trachea Structure
59
thin-walled tube that bifurcates into two primary bronchi
Trachea
60
Formed by the division of the trachea.
Main Bronchi
61
Each bronchus enters the lung at the hilum (medial depression)
Hilum
62
Wider, shorter, and straighter than the left bronchus.
Right Bronchus
63
Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches.
Subdivision of Bronchi
64
Occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the central mediastinum.
Lungs
65
apex of each lung is near the _____ (superior portion)
clavicle
66
base rests on the diaphragm
Base of lungs
67
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
Lobes of lungs
68
Contains two lobes
Left Lung
69
Contains three lobes
Right Lung
70
Covers the outer surface of the lungs
Serosa
71
Covers the lung surface.
Pulmonary (Visceral) Pleura
72
Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.
Parietal Pleura
73
Fills the area between layers, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax and decreasing friction during breathing.
Pleural Fluid
74
The area between the layers, more of a potential space.
Pleural Space
75
The network of branching passageways formed by the subdivision of main bronchi into smaller branches
Bronchial Tre
76
All but the smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls
Reinforcing Cartilage
77
Serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone.
Conduits
78
smallest conducting passageways
Bronchioles
79
Branching airways that lead to the lungs
Bronchi
80
Portion of the main bronchus that is outside the lungs.
Extrapulmonary
81
Enters the root of the lungs
Main Bronchus
82
next division after the main bronchus.
Secondary Bronchi
83
Lined with respiratory epithelium.
Left Bronchus
84
portion of the bronchi that is within the lungs.
Intrapulmonary
85
Small airway passages, 1 mm or less in diameter
Bronchioles
86
Air passages with a diameter of 0.5 mm or less
Terminal Bronchioles
87
Air passages lined with simple non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
Respiratory Bronchioles
88
Thin-walled tubes with discontinuous walls giving off branches; lined with simple squamous epithelium.
Alveolar Ducts
89
Thin-walled outpocketings, clusters of two or more alveoli; lined with simple squamous epithelium.
Alveolar Sacs
90
Communication between an alveolar duct and an alveolar sac
Atrium
91
Thin-walled outpocketings lining alveolar sacs, ducts, and respiratory bronchioles; site for gas exchange between blood and air; considered the most important lung component.
Pulmonary Alveoli
92
Small Alveolar Cells / Pneumocyte Type I
Type I Alveolar Cells
93
Squamous or flattened cells that form the vast majority of the alveolar surfaces, have junctional attachments laterally with each other or with Type II alveolar cells, and are involved in gas exchange.
Type I Alveolar Cells
94
Great Alveolar Cells / Septal Cells / Pneumocyte Type II
Type II Alveolar Cells
95
Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant which lowers the surface tension and contain secretory granules at their supranuclear portion.
Type II Alveolar Cells
96
Lead into respiratory zone structures and terminate in alveoli.
Terminal Bronchioles
97
Includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli (air sacs), which are the only site of gas exchange
Respiratory Zone
98
Include all other passageways in the respiratory system.
Conducting Zone Structures
99
Alveolar septum where gases must pass in exchange between the air and blood.
Blood-Air Barrier
100
Alveolar Epithelium, Interstitial Space, Capillary Endothelium
Three Layers of the Blood-Air Barrier
101
Innermost layer that lines the alveoli.
Alveolar Epithelium
102
Space between the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium.
Interstitial Space
103
Outermost layer that lines the blood vessels within the alveolar septum.
Capillary Endothelium
104
Free phagocytic cells that contain particles of dust, also known as dust cells.
Alveolar Macrophages
105
In congestion, alveolar macrophages become filled with this, and referred to as heart failure cells
Hemosiderin Pigments
106
Granules resulting from the phagocytosis and degeneration of blood pigments.
Heart Failure Cells
107
Structures that include alveoli, which are composed largely of simple squamous epithelial cells.
Respiratory Zone Structures
108
Connect neighboring air sacs
Alveolar Pores
109
Cover the external surfaces of alveoli.
Pulmonary Capillaries
110
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing), External Respiration, Respiratory Gas Transport, Internal Respiration
Four Distinct Events of Respiration
111
Moving air in and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
112
Gas exchange between Pulmonary Blood and Alveoli.
External Respiration
113
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide via Bloodstream.
Respiratory Gas Transport
114
Gas Exchange between Blood and Tissue Cells in Systemic Capillaries.
Internal Respiration
115
Mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity.
Pulmonary ventilation
116
Inspiration (inhalation) and Expiration (exhalation)
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
117
Phase in which the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.
Inspiration (inhalation)
118
Increases during inspiration.
Intrapulmonary volume
119
Decreases during inspiration.
Gas pressure
120
Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.
Expiration (exhalation)
121
Decreases during expiration
Intrapulmonary volume
122
Increases during expiration
Gas pressure
123
pressure within the pleural space is always negative
Intrapleural pressure
124
Measurement of the amount of air in the lungs during various phases of the respiratory cycle.
Respiratory volumes and capacities
125
Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing air superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then, glottis opens suddenly, and a blast of air rushes upward. Coughs act to clear the lower respiratory passageways
Cough (Clears Lungs of Debris)
126
Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is directed through nasal cavities instead of through the oral cavity. The uvula, a dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes, routing air through nasal cavities. Sneezes clear upper respiratory passages
Sneeze
127
Inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism.
Crying
128
Essentially the same as crying in terms of the air movements produced. Also an emotionally induced response.
Laughing
129
Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of the diaphragm; initiated by irritation of the diaphragm or phrenic nerves, which serve the diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of the closed glottis.
Hiccups
130
Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapsed during normal quiet breathing).
Yawn
131
Sounds monitored with a stethoscope.
Respiratory sounds
132
Produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi.
Bronchial sounds
133
Soft sounds of air filling alveoli.
Vesicular breathing sounds
134
Occur as a result of diffusion
Gas exchanges
135
Exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange).
External Respiration
136
Exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange).
Internal Respiration
137
12 to 15 Respirations Per Minute
Normal Respiratory Rate (Eupnea)
138
Increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs.
Hyperpnea
139
A progressive lung disease exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
140
A condition where the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed, leading to excessive mucus production that impairs ventilation and gas exchange. Patients become cyanotic and are sometimes called "blue bloaters" due to chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention
Chronic bronchitis
141
A condition characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls, leading to enlarged remaining alveoli. Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, causing a loss of elasticity. Patients expend a large amount of energy to exhale, with some air remaining in the lungs. Sufferers are often referred to as "pink puffers" because oxygen exchange is efficient. Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest, with cyanosis appearing late in the disease.
Emphysema
142
Leading cause of cancer death for men and women, with nearly 90 percent of cases resulting from smoking. It is an aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly.
Lung cancer
143
1. Adenocarcinoma
Lung cancer Three Common Types
144
Lungs do not fully inflate until 2 weeks after birth; this change from nonfunctional to functional respiration depends on surfactant
Lung inflation after birth
145
Substance that lowers surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing. Surfactant is formed late in pregnancy, around 28 to 30 weeks
Surfactant
146
A condition characterized by chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages that respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing. It can be managed with a bronchodilator.
Bronchial asthma
