Lecture 9 - Ankle and Foot Flashcards
1
Q
functions of ankle, foot and toes (4)
A
- absorb shock and impact as the foot comes into contact with the ground
- adjust to different terrains
- become a rigid lever capable of propulsion (the action of driving or pushing forward)
- offer sensory information from the ground to the body
2
Q
how many tarsals are in the foot?
A
7
3
Q
how many metatarsals are in the foot?
A
5 (1 - 5: medial - lateral)
4
Q
how many phalanges are in the foot?
A
14
5
Q
tarsals - proximal row (2) - top to bottom (distal to proximal)
A
- talus
- calcaneus
6
Q
tarsals - intermediate row (2) - medial to lateral
A
-navicular
- cuboid
7
Q
tarsals - distal row (3) - medial to lateral
A
- medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
8
Q
which digit of the phalanges does not have intermediate? (all the others have proximal, intermediate and distal)
A
digit 1 (big toe)
9
Q
what bones consist of the hindfoot? (2)
A
- calcaneus
- talus
10
Q
what bones consist of the midfoot? (3)
A
- navicular
- cuboid
- cuneiforms
11
Q
what bones consist of the forefoot? (2 groups)
A
- metatarsals
- phalanges
12
Q
what is the ankle joint called?
A
talocrural joint
13
Q
what is the medial ligament in the talocrural joint?
A
deltoid ligament
14
Q
what is the deltoid ligament?
A
a group of small ligaments that combine to form a large broad liagment
15
Q
what does the deltoid ligament do?
A
resists eversion
16
Q
what does the deltoid ligament attach?
A
the inferior medial malleolus to the talus, calcaneus and navicular
17
Q
what are the three lateral ligaments?
A
- anterior talofibular
- posterior talofibular
- calcaneofibular
18
Q
what does the anterior talofibular ligament attach?
A
anterior aspect of lateral malleolus to anterior talus
19
Q
what does the posterior talofibular ligament attach?
A
posterior aspects of lateral malleolus to posterior talus
20
Q
what does the calcaneofibular ligament attach?
A
the inferior aspects of lateral malleolus to calcaneus
21
Q
what do the lateral ligaments do?
A
resist inversion (at different angles)
22
Q
what are the three grades of an ankle sprain?
A
grade 1: stretch, small tears
grade 2: incomplete tears
grade 3: complete tear
23
Q
what are the three arches of the foot?
A
- medial longitudinal arch
- lateral longitudinal arch
- transverse arch
24
Q
what is the medial longitudinal arch formed by? (bones) (5)
A
- calcaneus
- talus
- navicular
- cuneiforms (3)
1-3rd metatarsal
25
what is the lateral longitudinal arch formed by? (bones) (3)
- calcaneus
- cuboid
- 4-5th metatarsal
26
what is the transverse arch formed by? (bones) (3)
- 3 cuneiforms
- cuboid
- metatarsals
27
what are the arches supporting structures? (3)
- plantar aponeurosis
- spring ligament
- plantar ligaments
28
what is the plantar aponeurosis? (3)
- tough fibrous sheath/band of tissue
- runs from most anterior aspect of the calcaneus to the metatarsals
- helps stabilize the arches of the foot
29
what is the spring ligament? (AKA plantar calcaneonavicular ligament) (1)
- supports medial longitudinal arch
30
what are the two plantar ligaments?
- long plantar ligament
- short plantar ligament
31
what is the long plantar ligament connected to?
- calcaneus to base of 2-5 metatarsals
32
what is the short plantar ligament connected to?
- calcaneus to cuboid
- supports all arches
33
what are the four types of muscles of he foot?
- extrinsic
- intrinsic
- plantar surface
- sorsum surface
34
what are the extrinsic muscles of the foot?
muscles from the leg compartments
35
what are the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
muscles entirely contained within the foot
36
what are the plantar surface muscles of the foot?
muscles on the sole (bottom) of our foot
37
what are the sorsum surface muscles of the foot?
muscles on the top of your foot
38
muscles of the foot-dorsum - tibialis anterior: origin
proximal anterior 1/3 of the shaft of tibia
39
muscles of the foot-dorsum - tibialis anterior: insertions (2)
- medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
40
muscles of the foot-dorsum - tibialis anterior: actions (3)
- dorsiflexion
- inversion
- supports the medial longitudinal arch
41
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus longus: origins (2)
- middle anterior/medial fibula
- interosseous membrane
42
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus longus: insertion
- dorsum at the base of the distal 1st phalanx
43
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus longus: actions (2)
- dorsiflexion
- extension of hallux (big toe)
44
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum longus: origins (3)
- proximal medial fibula
- lateral tibial condyle
- interosseous membrane
45
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum longus: insertion
- dorsum at the base of distal phalanx toes 2-5
46
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum longus: actions (2)
- dorsiflexion
- extension of lateral 4 toes
47
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus brevis: origin
calcaneus
48
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus brevis: insertion
base of the 1st phalanx
49
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus brevis: action
extension of hallux (big toe)
50
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum brevis: origin
calcaneus
51
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum brevis: insertion
base of the phalanx 2-4th
52
muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum brevis: action
extension of toes 2-4
53
extrinsic muscles of the foot dorsum (3)
- extensor hallicus longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- tibialis anterior
54
intrinsic muscles of the foot dorsum (2)
- extensor digitorum brevis
- extensor hallicus brevis
55
muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus longus: origins (2)
- head of fibula
- proximal shaft of fibula
55
muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus longus: insertions (2)
- medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
56
muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus longus: actions (3)
- everison
- plantar flexion
- supports transverse arch and lateral arch
57
muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus brevis: origin
distal lateral fibula
58
muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus brevis: insertion
base of the 5th metatarsal (tubersority)
59
muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus brevis: actions (3)
- eversion
- plantar flexion
- supports lateral arch
60
muscles of the foot-plantar - tibialis posterior: origins (3)
- proximal posterior 1/3 tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane
61
muscles of the foot-plantar - tibialis posterior: insertion
fanning tendon (navicular, 3 cuneiforms, metatarsals, cuboid, calcaneus)
62
muscles of the foot-plantar - tibialis posterior: actions (3)
- plantar flexion
- inversion
- supports medial longitudinal arch
63
muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor digitorum longus: origin
posterior middel 1/4 of tibia
64
muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor digitorum longus: insertion
distal phalanx 2-5
65
muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor digitorum longus: actions (4)
- flexion of toes 2-5
- plantar flexion
- inversion
- supports the medial longitudinal arch
66
muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor hallicus longus: origins (2)
- posterior inferior distal 2/3 of fibula
- interosseous membrane
67
muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor hallicus longus: insertion
distal phalanx of big toe
68
muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor hallicus longus: actions (4)
- flexion of big toe
- plantar flexion
- inversion
- supports the medial longitudinal arch
69
muscles of the foot -
extrinsic muscles-deep flexors and trick to rememeber
"Tom Dick and Harry"
Tibialis posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallicus Longus
70
what is the another extrinsic muscle-deep flexor on tge medial side of ankle
flexor retinaculum
71
how many layers of the plantar surface of foot intrinsic muscles are there?
4
72
what muscles are in the first layer? (3)
- flexor digitorum brevis
- abductor digiti minimi
- abductor hallicus
73
what muscles/tendons are in the second layer? (4)
- flexor hallicus longus tendon
- lumbricals - coming off FDL tendon
- flexor digitorum longus post tendon
- quadratus plantae (attach to digitorum)
74
what muscles are in the third layer? (4)
adductor hallucis (transverse head)
- flexor digit minimi
- adductor hallucis (oblique head)
- flexor hallucis brevis
75
what muscles are in the fourth layer? (2)
- dorsal interossei (DABS)
- plantar interossei (PAD)
76
ankle angles (3)
too inverted = pronation
normal
too everted = supination
77
arch heights (4)
low, medium, high, extra high
