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ANAT 315 Term 2 > Lecture 9 - Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

functions of ankle, foot and toes (4)

A
  • absorb shock and impact as the foot comes into contact with the ground
  • adjust to different terrains
  • become a rigid lever capable of propulsion (the action of driving or pushing forward)
  • offer sensory information from the ground to the body
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2
Q

how many tarsals are in the foot?

A

7

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3
Q

how many metatarsals are in the foot?

A

5 (1 - 5: medial - lateral)

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4
Q

how many phalanges are in the foot?

A

14

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5
Q

tarsals - proximal row (2) - top to bottom (distal to proximal)

A
  • talus
  • calcaneus
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6
Q

tarsals - intermediate row (2) - medial to lateral

A

-navicular
- cuboid

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7
Q

tarsals - distal row (3) - medial to lateral

A
  • medial cuneiform
    intermediate cuneiform
    lateral cuneiform
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8
Q

which digit of the phalanges does not have intermediate? (all the others have proximal, intermediate and distal)

A

digit 1 (big toe)

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9
Q

what bones consist of the hindfoot? (2)

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
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10
Q

what bones consist of the midfoot? (3)

A
  • navicular
  • cuboid
  • cuneiforms
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11
Q

what bones consist of the forefoot? (2 groups)

A
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
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12
Q

what is the ankle joint called?

A

talocrural joint

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13
Q

what is the medial ligament in the talocrural joint?

A

deltoid ligament

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14
Q

what is the deltoid ligament?

A

a group of small ligaments that combine to form a large broad liagment

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15
Q

what does the deltoid ligament do?

A

resists eversion

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16
Q

what does the deltoid ligament attach?

A

the inferior medial malleolus to the talus, calcaneus and navicular

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17
Q

what are the three lateral ligaments?

A
  • anterior talofibular
  • posterior talofibular
  • calcaneofibular
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18
Q

what does the anterior talofibular ligament attach?

A

anterior aspect of lateral malleolus to anterior talus

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19
Q

what does the posterior talofibular ligament attach?

A

posterior aspects of lateral malleolus to posterior talus

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20
Q

what does the calcaneofibular ligament attach?

A

the inferior aspects of lateral malleolus to calcaneus

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21
Q

what do the lateral ligaments do?

A

resist inversion (at different angles)

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22
Q

what are the three grades of an ankle sprain?

A

grade 1: stretch, small tears
grade 2: incomplete tears
grade 3: complete tear

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23
Q

what are the three arches of the foot?

A
  • medial longitudinal arch
  • lateral longitudinal arch
  • transverse arch
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24
Q

what is the medial longitudinal arch formed by? (bones) (5)

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • navicular
  • cuneiforms (3)
    1-3rd metatarsal
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25
Q

what is the lateral longitudinal arch formed by? (bones) (3)

A
  • calcaneus
  • cuboid
  • 4-5th metatarsal
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26
Q

what is the transverse arch formed by? (bones) (3)

A
  • 3 cuneiforms
  • cuboid
  • metatarsals
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27
Q

what are the arches supporting structures? (3)

A
  • plantar aponeurosis
  • spring ligament
  • plantar ligaments
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28
Q

what is the plantar aponeurosis? (3)

A
  • tough fibrous sheath/band of tissue
  • runs from most anterior aspect of the calcaneus to the metatarsals
  • helps stabilize the arches of the foot
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29
Q

what is the spring ligament? (AKA plantar calcaneonavicular ligament) (1)

A
  • supports medial longitudinal arch
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30
Q

what are the two plantar ligaments?

A
  • long plantar ligament
  • short plantar ligament
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31
Q

what is the long plantar ligament connected to?

A
  • calcaneus to base of 2-5 metatarsals
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32
Q

what is the short plantar ligament connected to?

A
  • calcaneus to cuboid
  • supports all arches
33
Q

what are the four types of muscles of he foot?

A
  • extrinsic
  • intrinsic
  • plantar surface
  • sorsum surface
34
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

muscles from the leg compartments

35
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

muscles entirely contained within the foot

36
Q

what are the plantar surface muscles of the foot?

A

muscles on the sole (bottom) of our foot

37
Q

what are the sorsum surface muscles of the foot?

A

muscles on the top of your foot

38
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - tibialis anterior: origin

A

proximal anterior 1/3 of the shaft of tibia

39
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - tibialis anterior: insertions (2)

A
  • medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
40
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - tibialis anterior: actions (3)

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • inversion
  • supports the medial longitudinal arch
41
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus longus: origins (2)

A
  • middle anterior/medial fibula
  • interosseous membrane
42
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus longus: insertion

A
  • dorsum at the base of the distal 1st phalanx
43
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus longus: actions (2)

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • extension of hallux (big toe)
44
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum longus: origins (3)

A
  • proximal medial fibula
  • lateral tibial condyle
  • interosseous membrane
45
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum longus: insertion

A
  • dorsum at the base of distal phalanx toes 2-5
46
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum longus: actions (2)

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • extension of lateral 4 toes
47
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus brevis: origin

A

calcaneus

48
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus brevis: insertion

A

base of the 1st phalanx

49
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor hallicus brevis: action

A

extension of hallux (big toe)

50
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum brevis: origin

A

calcaneus

51
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum brevis: insertion

A

base of the phalanx 2-4th

52
Q

muscles of the foot-dorsum - extensor digitorum brevis: action

A

extension of toes 2-4

53
Q

extrinsic muscles of the foot dorsum (3)

A
  • extensor hallicus longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • tibialis anterior
54
Q

intrinsic muscles of the foot dorsum (2)

A
  • extensor digitorum brevis
  • extensor hallicus brevis
55
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus longus: origins (2)

A
  • head of fibula
  • proximal shaft of fibula
55
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus longus: insertions (2)

A
  • medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
56
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus longus: actions (3)

A
  • everison
  • plantar flexion
  • supports transverse arch and lateral arch
57
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus brevis: origin

A

distal lateral fibula

58
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus brevis: insertion

A

base of the 5th metatarsal (tubersority)

59
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - peroneus brevis: actions (3)

A
  • eversion
  • plantar flexion
  • supports lateral arch
60
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - tibialis posterior: origins (3)

A
  • proximal posterior 1/3 tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane
61
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - tibialis posterior: insertion

A

fanning tendon (navicular, 3 cuneiforms, metatarsals, cuboid, calcaneus)

62
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - tibialis posterior: actions (3)

A
  • plantar flexion
  • inversion
  • supports medial longitudinal arch
63
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor digitorum longus: origin

A

posterior middel 1/4 of tibia

64
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor digitorum longus: insertion

A

distal phalanx 2-5

65
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor digitorum longus: actions (4)

A
  • flexion of toes 2-5
  • plantar flexion
  • inversion
  • supports the medial longitudinal arch
66
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor hallicus longus: origins (2)

A
  • posterior inferior distal 2/3 of fibula
  • interosseous membrane
67
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor hallicus longus: insertion

A

distal phalanx of big toe

68
Q

muscles of the foot-plantar - flexor hallicus longus: actions (4)

A
  • flexion of big toe
  • plantar flexion
  • inversion
  • supports the medial longitudinal arch
69
Q

muscles of the foot -
extrinsic muscles-deep flexors and trick to rememeber

A

“Tom Dick and Harry”
Tibialis posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallicus Longus

70
Q

what is the another extrinsic muscle-deep flexor on tge medial side of ankle

A

flexor retinaculum

71
Q

how many layers of the plantar surface of foot intrinsic muscles are there?

A

4

72
Q

what muscles are in the first layer? (3)

A
  • flexor digitorum brevis
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • abductor hallicus
73
Q

what muscles/tendons are in the second layer? (4)

A
  • flexor hallicus longus tendon
  • lumbricals - coming off FDL tendon
  • flexor digitorum longus post tendon
  • quadratus plantae (attach to digitorum)
74
Q

what muscles are in the third layer? (4)

A

adductor hallucis (transverse head)
- flexor digit minimi
- adductor hallucis (oblique head)
- flexor hallucis brevis

75
Q

what muscles are in the fourth layer? (2)

A
  • dorsal interossei (DABS)
  • plantar interossei (PAD)
76
Q

ankle angles (3)

A

too inverted = pronation
normal
too everted = supination

77
Q

arch heights (4)

A

low, medium, high, extra high

ANAT 315 Term 2 (9 decks)

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