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HIST 115 (Lecture) > Lecture 9: Age of Experimentation > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Age of Experimentation Flashcards

1
Q

How do people make meat edible without sinning?

A

Edible by the application of spices

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2
Q

How does Europe obtain their spices?

A

Travelling to the Middle East to trade with the Arabs

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3
Q

What was the problem of trading with Arabs?

A

They are technologically advance than Medieval Europe thus the trade of gold comes into play

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4
Q

How does Europe obtain gold?

A
  1. Engaging war with the Spanish as the Spanish always loses.
  2. Alchemy is also used to produce gold
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5
Q

What are the two works that is based on Alchemy?

A
  1. Physica et Mystica (200 BC) from Alexandria (Heron)
  2. “The Secrete of Secrets” from Razi Al, 850 AD
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6
Q

What is the similarities between the two works?

A
  1. Both have the intentions of creating fake gold
  2. Transmutation
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7
Q

What is the two goals of alchemy?

A
  1. Creating the Elixir of life
  2. Transmutation
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8
Q

Who is James Price (1752–1783)

A

He was the last true alchemist as he wrote a best seller book on “Making Gold from Mercury”

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9
Q

Who was interested in his book?

A

The Royal Society

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10
Q

Why was alchemy significant?

A

First group to use experimental approach, as most alchemists are driven for the Philosopher’s stone and secrete formula for transmutation of basicWhat did al metals into gold.

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11
Q

What happen to Alchemists in 1600s?

A

Started producing byproducts of dye and perfume

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12
Q

What did alchemy become today?

A

Alchemy became modern chemistry

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13
Q

How did famous figures influence modern chemistry?

A

Many famous such as Robert Boyle has been alchemist as he wrote “Sceptical Chymist” that replace alchemy to chemistry

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14
Q

Who is Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)?

A

He was a wealthy and powerful individual that introduces modern science

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15
Q

How did Francis Bacon introduce modern science?

A

He replaced Aristotle, Aristotelian’s logic with Baconian system

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16
Q

What is Baconian system?

A

It has five principles:

  1. Repeatable experiments: Able to replicate the process
  2. Reductionism: Can take whatever you have by breaking it further
  3. Objectivity: Use to be but now subjective
  4. Public Witnessing - Ensure that the public is educated on science
  5. Scientific Publication
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17
Q

Has Baconian system still present in modern science today?

A

Yes

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18
Q

In 1620, What was Francis Bacon’s argument in Instauratio Magma?

A

Once power (knowledge) is obtained through new discoveries of his methodology, this power will benefit mankind.

Ipsia Stentia Potestas est means knowledge is power

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19
Q

Who is Giordano Bruno (C. 1600)?

A

An unfortunate individual that agreed with Copernicus’s idea

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20
Q

Why does Robert Merton’s argument occur in Britain?

A

Recalling the statements about the Protestants (Christians) in Britain

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21
Q

Did religion had a positive or negative impact on Britain? Why?

A

The Puritans supported Bacon’s idea such that they wanted to abolish the ancient knowledge and Aristotelian logic in the science community. This resulted in a positive impact

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22
Q

Why did the Puritans want to criticize the ancient knowledge and Aristotelian logic?

A

It was polluting Christianity by pagan knowledge of the Greeks

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23
Q

When was the Royal Society of London found?

A

Resulted from the movements of Puritan in 1663

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24
Q

Why was Francis Bacon developing another system?

A

He wanted a system that is collecting knowledge by establishing truths and facts

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25
Q

Why wasn’t this system applied?

A

It was modified and discarded but was useful in the model of paradigm

26
Q

Explain the Royal Society.

A
  1. Merchants of Light: Sea captains that brings new discovery to society during their expedition
  2. Depredators: Archivists that record documented knowledge around the world
  3. Mystery Men: Individuals that impersonates as craftsman or workers to gain the secrets from the guilds
  4. Pioneers or Miners: Do all the experiment based on the information provided
  5. Compilers: People who use that information into Baconian table
  6. Benefactors: Gatekeepers of the system

7/8. Inoculators and Lamp

  1. Interpreters
27
Q

Was the Royal Society Internal or External?

A

Internal as social (external) factor is not considered

28
Q

What organization is equivalent to the Royal Society?

A

The Academy of Science is funded by the crown (the French)

29
Q

With the birth of Capitalism, what does it introduce?

A

It introduced the middle class that has the interest of gaining personal wealth through modern science/technology

30
Q

Why was women not admitted into the Royal Society?

A

The Royal Society had establish this lawever since the creation until 1945

31
Q

Who was the first to be admitted?

A

In 1945, Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971) is the first female to be admitted into Royal Society

32
Q

Who was responsible for not admitting women into the Royal Society?

A

Isaac Newton

33
Q

What happens in 1665?

A

The university that Isaac Newton attended was closed during the bubonic plague

34
Q

What did Newton do during the bubonic plague?

A

He locked himself inside an attic and he invented the following:

  1. Invented calculus also known as fluxions (1665)
  2. Laws of gravity and motion (1665)
  3. anno mirabilis (1666)
35
Q

Why would he consider the anno mirabilis to be the biggest scientific breakthrough?

A

It followed the baconian system, which would be used in modern science. It explained the concept onto why we stay on the Earth while travelling at great speed around the sun.

36
Q

Why would Isaac Newton remain in the attic?

A

He was doing alchemy, which was important at the time period.

37
Q

Who is Richard S. Westfall?

A

He is a historian that studied the history of technology in terms of the internal approach.

38
Q

Why did Richard S. West called Isaac Newton, “The holy other”?

A

He was described as a brilliant and inborn genius.

39
Q

Who is Betty Dobbs (1980s)?

A

She was a female graduate student that studied the manuscripts of Isaac Newton.

40
Q

What did Betty Dobbs discovered?

A

She found out that Isaac Newton wrote 3 million words on alchemy into two small books.

41
Q

What did Betty Dobbs discovery led to?

A

Isaac Newton was one of the last alchemist, but her research was halted by the gatekeepers of knowledge (benefactors)

42
Q

What did Isaac Newton invented while being an alchemist?

A
  1. New religion
  2. Elixir of life that is made with mercury
  3. Creating gold by transmutating metal
43
Q

What was the problem with Isaac Newton?

A

He solely believed in alchemy, but specifically transmutation

44
Q

What was the downfall of Isaac Newton?

A

The consumption of mercury led him to developed paranoia

45
Q

What was Isaac Newton paranoid of?

A

Afraid that a fellow scientist will try to steal information on his latest research, leading to working in secrecy.

46
Q

Who is Robert Hooke (1679)?

A

A scientist that was almost forgotten and a secretary to the Royal Society of London

47
Q

Who did Robert Hooke investigate and why?

A

He attempted to investigate Isaac Newton’s latest research in order to report back to the Royal Society of London.

48
Q

What knowledge did Robert Hooke knows in regard to Newton’s research?

A

He would gain intel from Isaac Newton about the answer to why we manage to stay on Earth while it travels at great speed around the sun and how the Earth moves on elliptical orbits.

49
Q

What was Isaac Newton’s first book?

A

Principia Mathematica that describes the laws of motion and gravity through mathematics

50
Q

What was the problem with Principia Mathematica?

A

It was difficult to read as it had bad Latin and would require the understanding behind the mathematics.

51
Q

Who and what is the impact of Principia Mathematica?

A

The impact of Principia Mathematica had an unpredictable effect, such that the Royal Society of London and the protestants are influenced by it.

52
Q

How did the Principia Mathematica change the worldview of the religious community?

A

Principia Mathematica establish a universal law that, regardless of social status in society, every individual will be tethered to the laws of motion and gravity.

53
Q

What does this impact introduce?

A

Both the social reformations and changes to the British society

54
Q

What did Robert Hooke establish in 1690?

A

He established himself to be an independent scientist and inventor

55
Q

What invention did Robert Hooke introduce to the Royal Society of London?

A

In 1690, he invented the reflective telescope.

56
Q

What is the problem with the previous telescope?

A

The bigger the lens, the less viewing area the observer can see

57
Q

What was the aftermath of Robert Hooke’s death?

A

It led to Isaac Newton writing his second book called “The Optics” (1704)

58
Q

What did “The Optic” introduce?

A

It describes the nature of light to be a matter that is composed of small particles

59
Q

What system did “The Optics” follow?

A

It followed the Baconian system (modern science) that made it become the definition of science and made English the primary language of science

60
Q

What is Dr. Lech opinion on the birth of Modern Science?

A

The publication of “The Optics” illustrates that the Baconian system and English creates pre-determined products such as facts and knowledge

61
Q

What does Andrew Ede argue on the Industrial revolution?

A

Believe that the industrial revolution is not related to science but Dr. Lech believe that the aspect of science comes into play

HIST 115 (Lecture) (13 decks)

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