Lecture 13: Dream of Flight Flashcards
Who was the first to fly?
Ancient Chinese, where Yuan Huangtou is the first to survive (c. 550 AD)
Who is Yuan Huangtou?
He is the son of an overthrown emperor, who survived the first flight
What did the Chinese built during that time?
Kites and gliders
What is the problem with the sources of China?
It was destroyed when the communist party took over
Who is Henri Giffard (1825–1882)?
He was a French inventor that built the first workable airship in 1852
What is unique about the airships?
It was the first powered/controlled flight that can travel over 20 km with passengers
Who is Clement Ader (1841–1926)?
A French inventor, scientist, entrepreneur, and engineer that built the monoplane in 1890
What is unique about the monoplanes?
It was the first contraption to use engines and propellers for flight and bear resemblance to modern aircraft
What is the report from the Academy of Sciences?
The monoplane was able to take off on its own engine power but would be airborne for a few seconds.
Who is David Schwarz (1852 - 1897)?
He is a forgotten Croatian inventor, who built modern airships
What is unique about the modern airships?
It was the first to be constructed out of metal with the internal combustion engine/gasoline of Daimler
What is the purpose of the modern airship?
It was to serve the military
What happens to David Schwarz and his wife?
He died from the airship injuries and his wife was left in charge of his unpaid bills, airship parts, patents, blueprints, and designs.
Who was the first to visit David Schwarz’s wife?
Count Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich Graf von Zeppelin
Who is Zeppelin (historical figure) (1838–1917)?
He was a visionary with a great sense of humour that foreseen the zeppelin (airships) crossing the Atlantic Ocean
What is the flaw of the Zeppelin (airship)
- It was technological in nature due to the size of the airship being the size of Titanic
- Powered by hydrogen and painted silver that contained powdered aluminum plus cellulose nitrate
What does the Zeppelin (airship) represent in relationship with technology?
It was one of the worst technologies due to several casualties but accepted by external factors
Who would hire Zeppelin (historical figure) to build more Zeppelins (airships)?
The Germans
What did the Germans do with the Zeppelin (airship)
They would use it for the military and political campaign for Adolf Hitler
How many Zeppelins (airships) were created?
LZ 1 to LZ 129
What does cellulose nitrate plus powdered aluminum create?
Rocket fuel
What did the Zeppelin (aircraft) prove to investors and inventors?
The future of aviation was in contraptions heavier than air, which is airplanes
Who is Wilbur Wright (1867–1912) and Orville Wright (1871–1948)?
They are known as the “Wright brothers” as they did not invent airplanes but put all the parts together. They were also bicycle producers
What parts did they use to create airplane?
- Gliders
- Internal Combustion
- Propellers
- Wind Tunnels
- Everything else that was invented before them
What approach did the Wright brothers use for flight?
They used the scientific approach such as experimentation
What 3 innovations did the Wright brothers develope?
- Longer, narrower, and slightly curved wings to allow better lift
- Control system
- Modern propellers
Who did the Wright Brothers hired?
Charles Taylor, who was a professional engineer that help build their engine
What did the first flight of the Wright Brothers prove?
The “first powered flight” (December 17, 1903. C. 12 seconds) prove that a glider, equipped with an internal combustion engine, can sustain powered flight
How does the Wright Brothers start their airplane?
They used a catapult
What was the turning point in 1903?
In 1903, Marie Sklodowska - Curie (1867–1934) was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics
So in 1903, Wright Brothers’ ‘invented’ airplane, and …
Absolutely none whatsoever. Nobody cared/listen as they were bicycle producers and almost everyone was flying by 1903.
What is the true motive behind the Wright brothers building aircraft?
To sell their aircraft to the military for profit
What was the Wright brothers referred as?
In 1908, they were nicknamed the “Heroes” of Europe as they introduce their invention was the best in terms of sustain flight
What did the United States government mass produce from the Wright brothers?
They would mass produce the Flyer III that would become a warplane
Who is Henri Coanda (1886 - 1972)?
He is a Romanian scientist, who was interested in physics and math
What did Henri Coanda invented?
He invented the first jet aircraft that is powered by a jet turbine in 1910
Why was the jet turbine engine not powerful enough?
It was the enine of Daimler, which had removed the propeller and turbine was installed at the front. Also made the airplane caught fire during his presentation at France
How does the aircraft move forward?
It was using the cold thrust
What happens in 1914?
The Wright brothers were getting sued by other families across the world for the inventions they burrowed/copied
Were the Wright brothers able to make a new aircraft?
They weren’t able to due to the lawsuit that by the outbreak of WWI, their aircraft became obsolete
What replaced the Flyer 3 during WWI?
It was replaced by the Fokker (aircraft)
Who was Fokker (individual) building his airplanes for?
He was building his airplane for Germans
What improvements did Fokker design for machine guns?
Instead of having the machine gun fire behind the propeller, he created synchronized machine guns that would fire only when the propeller was not in line with the gun’s barrels
What is the speed of the Fokker (aircraft) compare to the Flyer III?
Fokker can achieve 200 km/h whereas the Flyer III can only achieve 20–40 km/h
Why was the Curtiss JN - 4 Jenny important?
It was available in large numbers and was cheap
cheap as a motorcycle
What did the pilots do after WWI?
They would purchase these aircraft for commercial flight such as firestorming or carry parcels
What is unique about the Curtiss Company?
It built custom aircraft for women
Who is Katherine Stinson (1891–1977)?
She was the first female pilot to receive a license from the Wright brothers and the first bring airmail to Edmonton (1916)
What is the name of her aircraft?
It was called, Curtiss Stinson Special
What impact did Katherine Stinson bring to women and locally?
She is the first female to fly in Alberta and one of the few to pave the way for future female pilots
What did the red cross of the Curtiss Stinson Special represent?
To raise both moral and money for the wounded soldiers
What does the historians of aviation consider in the 1920s or 1930s?
Golden age of aviation as they were cheap and no regulations
What enters in WWII?
Relatively primitive propeller - driven aircraft and achieving flight to space
What side effect did WWI impact the most?
It brought women into the aviation industry instead of men
What did women produce?
Engines, airplanes, and production of bombs
Why were women not allowed to fly?
They weren’t allow to fly to the front lines but a few women would fly from the factories to the frontline
Which country was called the “flying witch” by the Germans?
Russia (Soviet Union) was a female squadron
What are the three available aircraft at the time during WWII?
- German’s BF- 109: Uses V-12 engine Daimler, a cannon that can go through the propeller’s hub, and the installation of nitrous system for acceleration
- America’s P-39 Airacoba: Has M4 37 mm cannons built around, an automotive door, and a V-12 Maryland 1710 engine that is located at the back. It was given to the Russians as the Americans hated the aircraft
- British’s Hawker Hurricane: Massive with loaded machine guns on its wings and powered by the Maryland engine, V-12. The V-12 can achieve 1,500 hp or more. The aircraft is extremely light and mainly covered with fabric
What was the reason that the three aircraft would become obsolete
It was due to their propellers as they can no longer achieve higher speed
Who is Hans von Ohain (1911–1998)?
He is a German physicist and scientist, who worked for the government
What did he build in 1935?
He built the first workable turbojet engine
What did he introduce in 1939?
After putting the motor turbojet engine into a plane, he introduced the Heinkel He 178
What did the Germans achieve?
They achieve the first operation jet aircraft that can exceed the speed of 650 km/h
How does it work?
- The blades of the turbine will intake the cold air
- The cold air would be compressed into the ignition chamber
- The kerosene or aviation fuel would create fire
- The hot gases from the exothermic reactions would touch the smaller blade to power the turbine engine
What was the problem with the motor turbojet engine?
It had to do with metallurgy as the engine needed high-end metallurgy and alloys to make it feasible
What did the Germans introduce in 1942?
They introduce the world’s first jet fighter aircraft powered by the turobjet engine called, Me 262
the jet can achieve a speed that is over 800 km/h (Jumo 004)
What impact did it bring to WWII?
Me 262 was always 100 miles/h faster than the Allies’s plane such that it made the other planes obsolete
Why did Hitler not use the Me 262 during WWII?
He was obsessed with tanks and wanted to use the Me 262 as bombers. He would issue a special edict for the Me 262How
many Me 262 was used at the last stage of WWII?
32
What is Dr. Lech’s opinion if the Me 262 went into full production?
He disagreed that the German would win as the Allies had captured it and made a copy of it
What did the Me 262 symbolize in 1950s?
The American’s air power
What did the Germans realize about high-speed flying?
It loses control surface and vibrations on the airframe
Why was it hard for Americans to solve this issue?
They were dealing with transonic speed, which means that the supersonic (front of aircraft) and subsonic (tail) form a shockwave
What are the three things to make high-speed possible?
- Swept wing: thin wings that can slice through the air
- Powerful engines
- Large control surfaces
- Coke Bottle principle - Ho 299 (1945)
What did the three components create?
The Canadian CF - 105 Arrow or “Avro Arrow” (1958-1959)
What was the CF-105 Arrow design for?
It was design to go at mach 2 as the wings and fuselage was entirely made in titanium
Why were the Canadians leading the aviation industries?
They were leading the aviation industries in titanium construction
What else powered the CF-105 Arrow?
It was the first airplane to be powered by onboard computers
What is the final development of the CF - 105 arrow?
The Avro Arrow Mach 3 which was a space shuttle
Why was the airplane never heard?
It was due to external factors such as not being supported/approved by the government?
Although the CF-105 program was cancelled, why was it destroyed?
The government was looking for inventions that would appeal toward the public
What would that day be known as?
Black Friday, where 30,000 people lost their job
Who was to blame for the destruction of the Avro Arrows?
John Diefenbaker, the Prime Minister of Canada (1957–1963)
What happen?
There was a shift of the government, which moved from the liberal government to the constituent government
Who was actually responsible for the destruction of the Avro Arrow series?
RCAF
What theory was assumed to be the destruction of the Avro Arrow?
- Russians attempting to get a hold of the technology
- Americans limiting the Canadians from building advance aircraft
What is the true loss of the Avro Arrow?
The brightest engineers
What is the myths with the Avro Arrow?
- One survived
- All evidence of its existence was destroyed
What is the true destruction of Avro Arrow?
Not in hardware but moon landing, Concorde project, and SR-71 project
What is the SR-71 Blackbird (1964–1993)?
It was an aircraft that can travel over 3500 km that was built by the Scancworks, a secret division of Lockheed Aircraft Company.
It can travel over three times the speed of sound
What was the true marvel behind the SR-71 Blackbird?
It’s engine as it combined the regular turbojet with a ramjet
What is a ramjet?
A hollow pipe that convert injected fuel into a jet thrust, but the SR-71 must be at mach 2
What happens if you pass mach 2?
More and more air would be passed directly to the afterburner by these bypass tubes
What does the Blackbird not have?
No rockets and armaments so that it can outrun the missiles (4,000)
What is the limiting factor of the SR-71 Blackbird?
Humans which make us obsolete
What does the development of Concorde lead to?
It led to the important in commercial aviation in terms of supersonic flight
Who built the Concorde?
Avro Arrow engineers
What did the Turbojet engine revolutionized?
It was about the speed and our changing perception of time and space, as travelling would take from 3 months to 3 hours.
