Lecture 10: From Experimentation to Utility of Industrial Revolution Flashcards
What is the purpose of the steam engine?
It was to serve the navy and replace the highly demanded resource, wood.
What is the aftermath of restricting wood?
It introduce coal as the new form of fuel
What is the purpose of steam engines in mining shafts?
Used as power pumps to mine coal
Who is Thomas Savery (1650–1715)?
He was consider the “fathers” of steam engine that invented, “Miner’s friend” (1698)
Why did Dr. Lech state that Thomas Savery is not the inventor of the steam engine?
He got the first patent, however, he did not understand the scientific principle behind the device. (He copied it from someone)
Who did Thomas Savery copy from?
He copied from Edward, Marquise of Worcester (1663)
What is the flaw of the Steam engine?
The steam engine was a vacuum pump that cannot operate under 12 m.
Who is Denis Papin (1647 - C. 1712)?
A forgotten inventor that invented:
- piston cylinder steam engine (1690)
- steamboat (1681 - 1708)
Why is Denis Papin forgotten?
Similar to John Harrison, he was a foreigner from France.
Who is attributed by the piston cylinder steam engine?
Thomas Newcomen and James Watt
What is the piston cylindrical steam engine based on?
It was base on Archimedean fire engine or vacuum pump
Why did Denis Papin fail?
- Inadequate technology (internal)
- Social issue (external)
Show the social connections of Denis Papin.
- Before 1691: Denis Papin -> Robert Boyle (Assistant) -> Robert Hooke (Curator of experiments) / Royal Society of London
- After 1691: Denis Papin -> Robert Boyle -> Isaac Newton/ Royal Society of London
- After 1703: Denis Papin -> Isaac Newton (head of the Royal Society of London)
- 1708: Denis Papin (sending proposal) -> Thomas Savery’s interferes / The Royal Society -> Isaac Newton (Head of the Royal Society)
What did Thomas Savery’s letter state in regard to Denis Papin?
- He was a French foreigner
- The valve of the steam engine must be set manually (although, the valve can move automatically)
- Thomas Savery is the true inventor of the steam engine
Who said, “simplest and cheapest experiments first” and what does it mean?
Isaac Newton made that statement to Denis Papin during his proposal and telling Papin to restart to the very beginning of his experiment
What was Denis Papin rewarded for after his death?
He was awarded for being the inventor of the pressure cooker
Who is Thomas Newcomen (1663–1729)?
A self-proclaimed inventor of the pistion and cylinder steam engine
List the improvements of the modified invention?
- Original steam engine can only operate at 12 rpm
- Steam and partial vacuum:
Steam is admitted into the cylinder -> cold water injected as the hot steam enters the cylinder creating condensation -> partial vacuum sucked the piston into the cylinder -> motion
What model of Thomas Newcomen located?
Glasgow University
Who was responsible for maintenance on the model?
James Watt
Who is James Watt?
A trader and scientific instrument maker that use to be a shopkeeper
What makes James Watt unique?
He modified Thomas Newcomen’s invention by accommodating the loss of energy in the model
How does James Watt accommodate the issue?
Introduce an external steam condenser, replaced the atmospheric pressure with low pressure steam. Therefore, the model is entirely powered by vacuum
Who is Matthew Boulton (1728–1809)?
A famous industrialist that used to supply iron ornaments to James Watt
What did Matthew Boulton see James Watt’s invention as?
See James Watt’s invention as a profit, thus, obtain the patent of the steam engine through the British parliament
How did Matthew Boulton meet James Watt?
They met at the Lunar society
What problems did James Watt and Matthew Boulton faced?
They couldn’t get the steam engines to work. This was due to the precision of the metallurgy. Ultimately, this led to the cylinder not matching the piston
What is Dr. Lech suggestion to fixing this problem?
Rather than casting them, they need a way to bore precisely the cylinders of chunk of metal
What is a good example to fixing this problem?
The cannon has the same problem, as not enough precision was unable to prevent cracks during explosion. However, John Wilkinson would introduce the bore cannons
What is John Wilkinson’s obsession?
He was obsessed with standardization and precision
Although there is one more technology by James Pickard, why didn’t James Watt pay pickard’s patent?
He wanted to avoid paring the patent fee by changing the initial design to have his own patent
What invention(s) were introduced to power factories?
Crank and the flywheel that became a revolution as it was no longer the lateral motion but was instead rotary motion
What is happening before the factory?
It had the Putting-Out system or Cottage-industry system. It was contracted work that is typically in the worker’s home
What was the benefit of the Putting-out System
It allowed the contracted workers to be working in their home with their family. The payment based on the amount of products made at their own pace
What did the introduction of the factory system create?
The textile machinery led to the separation of working from home to buildings. This would bring labour organization that is a social consequence
Why are factories considered a technology?
It was a system that introduce labour organization and production
What was the social consequence of factories?
Owners of the factories would prioritize maximizing their production by minimizing their spending. Families would not be bale to work at their own pace and would be recieving minimum wages
What does the impact lead to in terms of religion?
It led to the protestants to view this as a punishment as they were not rewarded for their deeds.
What is the model of the paradigm of factories?
The Silk Mill and Derby (1722)
What is the Silk Mill and Derby powered by?
They were powered by water. Thus, the model is built alongside the river
Who was the first to use the steam engine to power factories?
In 1781, Richard Arkwright is the first to use the steam engine
Who is Richard Arkwright (1732–1792)?
A multi-billionaire that shifted from Putting-Out system to factories
What else is powered by water?
The Cromford Mill
What did James Watt introduce in terms of the steam engine?
He introduced the annual fee of the steam engine based on the horsepower consumed in the steam factory
Who is Marc Brunel (1769–1849)?
He is a famous engineer during the industrial revolution
What attributes to Marc Brunel?
He is the first to introduce assembly line by creating automations
Why is the Portsmouth Block Mills significant?
It was the marvel of the industrial of the industrial age that shows the advance mechanism of automation.
What does the Portsmouth Block Mills produce?
Its purpose was to produce blocks for the navy
What does factories and steam engines replace?
It replaces industrial buildings that use water as a source of power
What is the most expensive part of owning a factory?
The most expensive part of owning a factory is the shipping cost
What is the most important changing point in our relationship with technology and industralization?
factories integrate themselves into cities along with the workers
What did this relationship lead to?
It led to enourmous poverty among the workers, factory owners becoming multi-billionaires, and cities being modern society
Why were there no female engineers during the industrial revolution?
men restricted women from acquiring technology and technological innovations
Who is the first female civil engineer to be admitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers in Britain?
Mary Ferguson (1914 - 1997) is the first to be admitted in 1957
When did Industrial Revolution began spreading across other countries?
It began spreading during the Victorian Period:
- Queen Victoria (1819–1901)
- 1850, The Royal Commission
What factors were effecting during the 1850?
Social problems and the early symptoms of Newton’s Principia Mathematica
What is the notion of poverty?
It was no longer viewed as a religious belief but led to the belief on the creation of industralization
Who is Prince Albert?
The husband of Queen Victoria
What was Prince Albert objective?
- Improving the living condition of the workers
- Integrating both art and industries to motivate workers based on the aesthetics of the product through the Great Exhibition
What was the problem with Prince Albert’s objective
He was too cheap to produce a building for the Great Exhibition
Who is Joseph Paxton (1803–1865)?
He is a forgotten inventor and gardener that was obsessed with green houses
What structure did Joseph Paxton create?
He created the Great Conservatory (1837) but was a failure due to the lack of heat during the winter
What is the aftermath of the Great Conservatory?
It introduces skyscrapers which would become part of the great exhibition
Why was Prince Albert desperate in building skyscrapers?
Joseph Paxton’s skyscraper was cheap to produce and very efficient in creating within less than one year
What was the name of the skyscraper after 9 months?
The crystal palace
What does the Crystal Palace represent?
- It was the product of industrial revolution
- It was like a temple, built for worshippers of technology
What did the Great Exhibition hold?
It holded two sections:
- Fruits of industrial revolution that brought art and industrialization together
Example: Canada brining their fruit to the great exhibition
- Technological Innovations (gadgets)
Example: Piano, photography, and a device that is a printer, fax, and scanner
Who was Alexander Bain (1811–1877)?
A Scottish inventor and scientist that was part of the Scottish scientific revolution and Scottish industrial revolution
What invention did Alexander Bain create?
He made the device that is capable of becoming a printer scanner and a fax machine (1851)
What kind of ink was being operated for the device?
The ink was being operated as electrochemistry that contain metal components
What part of the machine uses electricity?
The electric pendulum that uses the information from electrical current that provided line-by-line scanning
What other fax devices was produce?
Had first long-distance, such as samples of new patterns and confirmed signatures for the banks (1865)
What other form of long-distance devices was used?
The talking telegraph which was not accepted
What did the Great Exhibition strongly introduce?
It introduced new communication technologies but also photography
Was the Great Exhibition a great result?
It had an impact of over 6 million people, but did not impact the poor people. Instead, it did characterize Prince Albert’s objective such as brining arts and industries together
What device would suit Prince Albert’s objective?
The Singer machine as it uses the applications of artistic design to industrial form
What is unique about the Singer machine?
- Gave women the opportunity to use this technology that symbolize their power and independence
- Had ormentation, beautiful incrustation, and metal work
What were the benefits of owning the Singer machine?
Allowed women to work at home and paid monthly installments
What does the singer machine and photography introduce?
It introduces women being socially accepted into modern society
