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MBIO 1010 > Lecture 9: Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

the adaptive immune system is… (3 things)

A

acquired
very specific
has a memory

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2
Q

the adaptive immune system is ______:
Begins as soon as a pathogen is encountered for the very first time
Adaptive response will not occur until a pathogen is encountered

A

acquired

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3
Q

the adaptive immune system is ______:
Very targeted to a specific feature of a given bacterium, virus, toxin
Immunity to one pathogen will not confer immunity to another

A

very specific

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4
Q

the adaptive immune system has ______:
Produces a more effective response when a pathogen is encountered for the
second time-faster and stronger

A

a memory component

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5
Q

what two components does our adaptive immune system consist of?

A

humoral (antibody mediated) immunity
cell mediated immunity

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6
Q

______: Proteins produced by the immune system that bind and inactivate foreign
antigen

A

antibodies

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7
Q

______: Any foreign material that has the ability to active the adaptive immune system
* Normally protein, polysaccharide, lipid material

A

immunogens

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8
Q

_______: The actual portion of the antigen that binds to the antibody
* A single antigen will have more than one ______
* Increases the ability of an antigen to activation the immune system ->
immunogenicity
* Each _____ requires a distinct antibody

A

epitope

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9
Q

T/F: immunogens are always the same in every person

A

false! ex: some people will die if they eat peanuts, other love peanut butter

depends how much something can activate a unique immune system in individual people

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10
Q

______: Low molecular weight compound that is too small on its own to activate
adaptive immunity
* Not immunogenic
* Can bind to other molecules such as protein in blood and tissues
* Becomes strongly immunogenic
* An allergy forms
* Ex) penicillin

A

hapten

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11
Q

how do hapten activate an immune response to destroy something?

A

piggybacks onto something bigger than itself

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12
Q

_____ are glycosylated protein molecules

A

Antibodies (Ab)

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13
Q

antibodies are also called…

A

immunoglobulins

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14
Q

______: Consist of 4 subunits
* Two identical heavy chains
* Two identical light chains
* Chains are assembled creating three distinct
regions
* 2 identical variable regions (Fab regions)
* Provide the specificity of the _______
* 1 constant region (Fc region)
* Allows for interaction with immune cells
* Based on differences in the Fc region there are five different types of _____

A

antibody

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15
Q

what makes the light chains of an antibody light?

A

they’re smaller, have less amino acids

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16
Q

what is the role of the Fab regions on an antibody

A

interact and engage with the bad guy

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17
Q

two Fab regions are symmetrical and identical… the substrates they bind too must be…

A

identical regions on identical particles, highly specific!

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18
Q

_____ allows for interaction with immune cells and antibodies

A

Fc region

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19
Q

what are the five different types of antibodies?

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE

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20
Q

______: Pentameric
* Five different antibody units
* Always the first antibody to be produced in response to an antigen
* Primary antibody response
* Found on the surface of B lymphocytes
* Remains in the blood
* Unable to enter the tissues
* Low affinity for antigen
* Very good at agglutination

A

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

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21
Q

what is the first antibody ALWAYS produced?

A

IgM

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22
Q

what does it mean that IgM has low affinity for antigens?

A

doesn’t hold on as strong, weak bonds so not aggressively holding onto antigen

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23
Q

how many antigens can an IgM antibody hold onto?

A

10

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24
Q

_____: Monomer
* Most predominate antibody in the blood
* Also present in the tissues

A

IgG

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25
Q

which antibody is the serum form of antibodies?

A

IgG
crosses placenta!

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26
Q

T/F: IgG has strong affinity for antigens

A

true! found in tissue and in plasma

27
Q

______: Dimeric
Secreted at mucosal sites
* Saliva, tears, mucous
* Important defense against respiratory, reproductive, digestive tract infections

A

IgA

28
Q

how many antigens can an IgG bind?

A

2

29
Q

how many antigens can an IgA bind?

A

4

30
Q

______: Monomer
* Located on the surface of B cells
* Important in activation of B cells to begin producing antibody against a specific antigen

A

IgD

31
Q

how many antigens can IgD and IgE bind?

A

2

32
Q

T/F: B cells create one specific Fab each, highly specific

A

true!

33
Q

_______: Monomer
* Binds to receptors located on the surface of mast cells and basophils
* Binding of ____-antigen complex triggers
degranulation and histamine release
* Allergy

A

IgE

34
Q

what are the five major antibody functions?

A

neutralization
opsonization
agglutination
antibody mediated cytotoxicity
complement activation

35
Q

_______: Antibodies bind to antigen blocking attachment
sites (“bearhug”)
* Prevents bacteria, virus and toxin entry into
tissues and host cells

A

neutralization

36
Q

do you need to perform another step after neutralization using antibodies?

A

yes! doesn’t actually destroy anything so you need another step to finish killing bacteria/virus

37
Q

______: Antibodies coat the surface of the bacterial
cell
* Attracts phagocytes
* Greatly enhances the rate of phagocytosis
* Phagocyte has the ability to interact with
the Fc region of the antibody

A

Opsonization

38
Q

how are phagocytes attracted to perform phagocytosis using opsonization?

A

they recognize the Fc region sticking out when Fab region is bound to bacterial cell

39
Q

T/F: Phagocyte does not have the ability to interact with
the Fc region of the antibody

A

false!

40
Q

______: Each class of antibody can bind to a minimum of 2
identical antigen units
* Clumps together many antigens
* Allows phagocytosis to occur more efficiently

A

Agglutination

41
Q

which antibody is best at performing Agglutination

A

IgM, 10 binding sites!

42
Q

______: Attachment of antibody to parasites recruits
eosinophils
* Eosinophils attach to the Fc component of
antibodies
* Activated eosinophil releases reactive oxygen
species and hydrolytic enzymes
* Parasite is destroyed

A

Antibody mediated cytotoxicity

43
Q

_______: a system consisting of a series of
proteins found in the blood
* Can be activated by antibody that is bound to
a bacterial cell

  • Create a number of different immune responses
    when activated
  • MAC attack complex forms
  • Inserts into the membrane of bacterial
    cell forming a pore
  • Contents of the cell leak and the bacterium dies
A

complement activation

44
Q

what happens when a bound antibody triggers a complement activation?

A

changes inactivated protein into active form, causes downstream domino effect!

45
Q

T/F: there are over 30 response proteins in body waiting to find something to cause complement activation

A

true!

46
Q

____ are antigen presenting cells

A

B cells

47
Q

_____ and _____ also perform antigen presentation, like B cells

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

48
Q

T/F: All antigen presenting cells can insert MHC II into the plasma membrane

A

true

49
Q

what are the steps in antibody production?

A
  1. B cell phagocytoses exogenous antigen
  2. T helper cells bind to MHC II-Antigen complex resulting in T helper cell activation
  3. Some of these newly produced B cells will become plasma cells
50
Q

T/F: antibodies secreted by proliferated B cells are specific to the original exogenous antigen

A

true! identical antibody proteins when B cells proliferate

51
Q

newly produced B cells during an immune response become… (2 types)

A

plasma cells or memory cells

52
Q

T/F: memory cells produce antibodies during current immune response

A

false

53
Q

______: Occurs the very first time a specific antigen is encountered
* Can be a natural encounter or an artificial encounter (ex:
vaccination)
* Produces a weak antibody mediated response
* Slow production of low levels of antibody
* Results in the production of memory B cells: major goal

A

primary antibody response

54
Q

______: Occurs every additional time
(after the primary response) a specific antigen is
encountered
* Produces a strong antibody mediated response
* Rapid production of high levels of antibody
* So rapid that the pathogen will not be able to
establish infection
* No disease occurs

A

secondary antibody response

55
Q

how long does a primary antibody response take?

A

7-10 days ish

56
Q

how long does a secondary antibody response take?

A

1-2 day ish

57
Q

_______ prevents immune responses against self-antigens

A

Tolerance

58
Q

______: Any immune cells that are found to recognize self-antigens are destroyed early on in development
* Helps to prevents auto-immune disease

A

tolerance

59
Q

______: Recognizes and destroys abnormal cells present in the body
* Cells infected with virus or obligate intracellular bacteria
* These are endogenous antigen because they are present inside of the host cell

A

Cell Mediated Immunity

60
Q

cell mediated immunity involves what type of cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells

61
Q

Diseased host cell will display endogenous antigen in the plasma membrane complexed together with ______
* Cytotoxic T cells will bind to _____-Antigen complex using their T cell receptor
(TCR)
* This results in activation of the cytotoxic T cell
triggering it to release perforins and granzymes
that cause death of the infected host cell

A

MHC I

62
Q

what two things specifically cause the death of infected host cells

A

perforins and granzymes, released by cytotoxic T cells

63
Q

T/F: In order to clear a viral infection both antibody
mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity
are required

A

true! because viral infections are found both within cells and outside of cells (because they jump from host cell to host cell)

MBIO 1010 (12 decks)

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