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MBIO 1010 > Lecture 8: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ fights off foreign material that threatens the body

A

immune system

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2
Q

what are the two branches of the immune system?

A

innate immunity
adaptive immunity

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3
Q

innate immunity is _____

A

non-specific

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4
Q

adaptive immunity is _____

A

highly specific

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5
Q

T/F: innate immunity is always the same from birth to forever

A

true

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6
Q

innate immunity is natural host resistance and has no _____

A

memory

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7
Q

Pathogens prefer a _____ body site to initiate infection

A

specific

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8
Q

how do pathogens pick a specific body site to initiate infection?

A

Based on nutritional and metabolic needs

Mechanism of spread
* Aerosols vs blood/bodily fluids

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9
Q

T/F: Susceptibility to pathogens varies from one species to another

A

true!
natural host resistance always plays a part in infectivity!

ex: Anthrax causes fatal blood infection in cattle and cutaneous infection in
humans

HIV can infect human cells but not mice or guinea pigs

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10
Q

what are the two physical barriers we have to prevent infection?

A

skin and mucous membranes

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11
Q

______: Prevents invasion by microbes

Rich in tough protective protein
* Keratin

Slightly acidic ~pH 5

High [NaCl]- periodic drying

Some fungal infections can grow right on the _____’s surface
* Many require broken _____ in order to penetrate and cause infection

A

skin

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12
Q

T/F: skin is an organ because it consists of two+ types of tissue

A

true!

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13
Q

why does our skin have high [NaCl]?

A

because it dries our skin out, which in turn dehydrates bacteria and limits their growth! how we protect ourselves!

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14
Q

______: Line tracts in the body

  • Respiratory tract, digestive tract, reproductive tract, urinary tract
  • _____ produced by goblet cells
  • Traps microbes preventing
    infection
  • Contains antimicrobial secretions
A

mucous membranes

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15
Q

T/F: mucous membranes are not open to the outside environment

A

false!

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16
Q

______: Contains the mucocilliary escalator
* Mucosal epithelial cells contain cilia
* Serve to filter incoming air
* Sweeping action of cilia allows the removal of mucous and trapped microbes from the
lungs

A

respiratory tract

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17
Q

what two parts of our body compose the gastrointestinal tract?

A

stomach and small intestine

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18
Q

______: Strongly acidic: pH~2
* Contains proteases
* Few microbes are able to survive in this
environment
part of the gastrointestinal tract

A

stomach

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19
Q

______: Pancreatic juice buffers acidity of incoming
contents from the stomach: pH ~7
* Contains pancreatic enzymes
* Contains bile from the liver
* Very difficult for microbes to maintain cellular integrity in this harsh environment
part of the gastrointestinal tract

A

small intestine

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20
Q

why is the stomach strongly acidic?

A

low pH denatures proteins, exposes cut sites for proteases to destroy organic material

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21
Q

______: Contains the normal microbiota
Normal resident bacteria that live symbiotically inside of the colon
Use attachment sites to persist
Consume undigested nutrients
* Competitive exclusion
Produce antimicrobial compounds
* Microbial antagonism

A

large intestine (colon)

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22
Q

T/F: the large intestine has more bacteria than human cells

A

true!

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23
Q

why can one person absorb many more calories from the same meal as another person?

A

we don’t have transporters in the colon, so we’re done absorption of nutrients

BUT if the bacteria in our colon produce non-polar waste products, we CAN absorb those through membranes! which adds to the total calories absorbed

gut flora affects obesity!!

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24
Q

what does competitive exclusion in our colon mean?

A

there’s no space for bad bacteria (in an environment they would LOVE to colonize)… our good bacteria out-compete them! however, if we take anti-biotics and wipe out our normal flora… bad guys can move right in!

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25
Q

what does microbial antagonism mean?

A

bugs create poisons/toxins that destroy other bugs to wipe out their competition

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26
Q

_______:
Genital and urinary tracts are separate in females
and joint in males
Urinary tract contains urine
* Includes many toxins that are intolerable by bacteria
The act of urination physically removes contaminating microbes
The female reproductive tract contains normal microbiota
* Glycogen secreted by vaginal epithelial cells
supplies nutrients for microbial growth

A

genitourinary tract

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27
Q

why do women have Lactobacillus acidophilus in their vagina?

A

ferments glucose to lactic acid, drops pH to ~4.5, provides a defense against sexually transmitted infections/diseases

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28
Q

______: Composed of organs and vessels that allow immune cells to contact foreign antigenic material

A

lymphatic system

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29
Q

An _____ is foreign material that is able to activate cells of the immune
system

A

antigen

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30
Q

what are the two components of the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic vssels
lymphoid organs

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31
Q

________: Carry lymph from the tissues to the lymph nodes
* Unidirectional (always away from tissues)
* Lymph is rich in leukocytes (white blood cells)
* Free of erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

lymphatic vessels

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32
Q

T/F: there are primary and secondary lymphoid organs

A

true!

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33
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow
thymus gland

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34
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?
**All contain a high concentration of leukocytes

A

lymph nodes
spleen
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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35
Q

_____: Leukocytes are produced here

A

bone marrow
make all our blood cells here!

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36
Q

_____: Some leukocytes mature here

A

thymus gland

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37
Q

where do B-lymphocytes mature?

A

bone marrow

38
Q

where do T-cells mature?

A

thymus gland

39
Q

______: Associated with all mucous membranes

A

MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)

40
Q

_____: Leukocytes present here are constantly
phagocytosing material in their surroundings
in search of foreign content

A

GALT (Gut associated lymphatic tissue)

41
Q

what are the main cells that form our cellular defenses?

A

leukocytes

42
Q

______: Circulate in the blood and the lymphatic system
* Reside in the tissues and the lymph nodes
* Play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

43
Q

what are the two broad categories of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

44
Q

______: Large, visible granules in the cytoplasm
Granules are reactive
* Can kill microbes
* Can serve as signaling molecules to recruit
and activate other components of the
immune system

A

granulocytes

45
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells (BEN)

46
Q

______: Cytoplasmic granules contain
* Lysozyme
* Defensins
Circulate in the blood
* Exit the capillaries during
periods of infection
Strongly phagocytic
Very important cells of the innate immune system

A

neutrophils

47
Q

why are neutrophils able to exit the capillaries during periods of infection?

A

capillaries become leaky when vasodilation occurs in response to injury, lets these big clunky neutrophils through to combat infection

48
Q

______: Non-phagocytic cells
Cytoplasmic granules will stain with acidic dyes
Work to destroy large parasitic cells
* Protozoa and parasitic worms
* Secrete extra-cellular enzymes and reactive oxygen
species
* Can also exit the capillaries into infected tissues

A

eosinophils

49
Q

_______: Cytoplasmic granules stain with basic dyes
Not strongly phagocytic
Basophils circulate in the blood
Mast cells reside in mucosal tissue
Degranulate in response to appropriate stimuli
* Release histamine
* Important part of the allergic response
* Causes vasodilation locally
* Causes life threatening vasodilation and
bronchiolconstriction when released systemically

A

basophils and mast cells

50
Q

basophils are found where?

A

the blood

51
Q

mast cells are found where?

A

in tissue

52
Q

when vasodilation occurs, what happens in the blood? why do people go into multiple organ failure?

A

when vasodilation occurs, flow increases but pressure drops, causes multiple organ failure when blood is not reaching vital organs (especially our brain!)

53
Q

________: Contain cytoplasmic granules that are much
smaller and more difficult to view than granulocytes

A

agranulocytes

54
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes
lymphocytes

55
Q

what are the two types of monocytes?

A

macrophages
dendritic cells

56
Q

_______: Located in the tissues
* Lungs, connective tissue, spleen, liver
Contain special surface receptors that allow them to
recognize many pathogens with one receptor
* Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
* Recognize things like LPS, peptidoglycan, elements of the fungal cell wall
Binding of the toll-like receptor to antigen
induces phagocytosis

A

macrophages

57
Q

T/F: macrophages have toll-like receptors which are very specific

A

false! non-specific recognition, don’t care WHO it is, just that macrophage needs to bind and destroy

58
Q

_______: Found in tissues that are often sites of entry for
infectious materials
* In the skin they’re called Langerhan’s Cells
Also found in the mucus membranes of the nose, the
lungs and the intestines
Regularly sample the surroundings and phagocytose antigens
* Phagocytosed antigen is carried to lymphoid organs
* Presented to other cells of the immune system
(T/B lymphocytes)
* Activate the adaptive immune response

A

dendritic cells

59
Q

when dendritic cells pull bacteria off of our skin in advance to show our immune cells and teach our immune system how they work, this is an example of what kind of immunity?

A

adaptive immunity

60
Q

______: Leukocytes the are involved in the adaptive immune response
Circulate through the blood and remain in the lymphoid organs

A

lymphocytes

61
Q

what are the three different kinds of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural Killer Cells (NK)

62
Q

_____: Also called B cells or plasma cells
* Antibody producing/secreting cells
* Form the main component of humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes

63
Q

_______: Also called T cells
* Different types
* Form the main component of cell mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

64
Q

______: Destroy abnormal cells in the body (cancer cells, infected cells)

A

Natural Killer cells

65
Q

when we have swollen lymph nodes what is this an indicator of?

A

an immune response, our lymphocytes are proliferating (rapid cell division) to mount an immune response

66
Q

where do B lymphocytes mature? where are they made?

A

in bone marrow

67
Q

where are T cells made? where do they mature?

A

made in bone marrow, mature in thymus gland

68
Q

T/F: Natural Killer cells kill our own cells!

A

true! destroy our OWN abnormal cells

69
Q

T/F: molecular defenses are just one single molecule

A

true!

70
Q

molecular defenses are secreted where?

A

mucosal sites

71
Q

what are two examples of molecular defenses secreted at mucosal sites?

A

lysozyme
defensins

72
Q

______: Cuts b-1,4 glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan

A

lysozyme

73
Q

______: Antimicrobial peptides that poke holes in bacterial cell membranes
inside granules in neutrophils

A

defensins

74
Q

_____: Destroys pathogens that may have never before
been encountered in the body

A

phagocytosis

75
Q

phagocytosis involves capable leukocytes, what are they?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

76
Q

___ and ____: Recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
* Lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, flagellin
to perform phagocytosis

A

neutrophils and macrophages

77
Q

PAMPs are recognized by ___s located on the
surface of phagocytic cells

A

TLRs also known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

78
Q

Interaction of PAMP with a TLR triggers _____

A

phagocytosis

79
Q

explain the process of phagocytosis

A

Cell membrane invaginates around a foreign particle

Engulfs it into a phagosome

Phagosome fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome

Oxygen independent killing

Neutrophils perform exocytosis
* Fragments are expelled from the cell

Macrophages and Dendritic cells become antigen
presenting cells
* Fragments of the intruder are presented on the cell surface to trigger an adaptive immune response

80
Q

what are lysosomes filled with?

A

Lysozyme and defensins
Proteases (degrade proteins)
Lipases (degrade phospholipids)
Nuclease (degrade nucleicacids)

81
Q

______: Activated phagocytes produce reactive oxygen
compounds:
* H2O2, O2, OH, HOCl, NO

Kill ingested microbes by oxidizing cell components

A

oxygen dependent killing

82
Q

_____: Occurs non-specifically in response to tissue
damage, toxins, and infectious material

A

inflammation

83
Q

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness (erythema), warmth, pain, swelling
(edema) and loss of function

84
Q

In response to infection injured tissue and
leukocytes release _____

A

pro-inflammatory
cytokines

85
Q

what do pro-inflammatory
cytokines do?

A

cause blood vessels to dilate (vessel walls become more permeable… no more pressure of inflammation of blood vessel), allow more leukocytes to access the area where they can attack invading pathogens

86
Q

_____ increase may slow the growth of pathogens
Also promotes faster healing of damaged tissues

A

Temperature

87
Q

Blood leaking into tissue spaces can _____
* Prevents movement of pathogens

A

clot

88
Q

_______: An increase in body temperature
* Controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain
* It is triggered by toxins, LPS, and chemicals produced by the immune system
* All of these things reset the bodies thermostat

A

fever

89
Q

hypothalamus is the regulator of…

A

homeostasis

90
Q

what does a fever result in? (only up to a certain temp… above 43C can cause death)

A

Muscle contraction-shivering
Increased temperature-faster metabolism and promoted healing
Faster phagocytosis
Slower growth of microbes

91
Q

why can fevers be lethal to humans?

A

because we’re made of the same material as the bacteria we’re trying to kill!

MBIO 1010 (12 decks)

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