Lecture 10: Vaccines Flashcards
what’s an example of an active and natural immune response
catching the flu and recovering from it
what is an example of passive and natural immunity?
antibodies passing from mom to baby through breastmilk/placenta
what is an example of active and artificial immunity?
vaccines
what is an example of passive and artificial immunity
vials of antibodies administered for snakebite
Vaccines work to prime the immune system by stimulating
_________
primary immune responses
what is the desired goal of vaccines?
production of memory cells for later!
what are the five different kinds of vaccines?
live attenuated
whole agent inactivated
subunit
toxoid
conjugated
_______: Consists of pathogen that has been weakened
* Usually accomplished by introducing a key mutation
* Still maintains many of the properties of the wild-type pathogen
Ex) virus can still adsorb and penetrate but cannot replicate
* Stimulates both antibody and cell mediated immunity
* Can spontaneously mutate back to the wild-type
* Potential to cause disease that you are trying to prevent
live attenuated vaccines
what is arguably the “best” vaccine and why?
live attenuated because it stimulates both antibody and cell-mediated immunity
why do live attenuated vaccines have the greatest risk for disease causation?
mutated to make the safe… could just as easily mutate back to “normal” and infect the person who was just vaccinated
______: Include inactivated virus
* Incapable of adsorption or penetration
* No risk of causing disease
* Only stimulates antibody mediated immunity
whole agent inactivated vaccine
when a vaccine can’t enter a cell, what is the only response it can stimulate
antibody mediated immunity, only exogenous
________: Include purified proteins (antigen) taken from pathogenic bacteria and
virus
* Does not contain any infectious material
* Very safe
* Only stimulates antibody mediated immunity
subunit vaccine
we pick most important parts to show immune system
_________: Consist of bacterial toxins that have been modified
Maintain the same antigenic properties of the actual toxin
Toxoid is incapable of causing the same effects as the toxin
Very safe
Only stimulate antibody mediated immunity
Often provide short-lived protection
Booster shots needed
toxoid vaccine
like a stand-in for an actor, look the same but don’t have nearly the same talent/capacity for talent
_______: Consists of antigen that have been conjugated
together
Increases the overall size of the antigen
Addresses limitations of naïve adaptive immune
system in children
* Increased immunogenicity= better protection
conjugated vaccine
